tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73152353899054889762024-03-05T22:03:05.868-08:00Catatan Tri KuangBerbuat sebaiknya selagi kehidupan dalam nafas indah ini masih terjagaCatatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.comBlogger217125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-54190659833339263762013-04-23T00:22:00.000-07:002013-04-23T00:22:22.734-07:00EKG<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektrokardiografi
adalah ilmu yang mempelajari perubahan-perubahan potensial atau perubahan
voltase yang terdapat dalam jantung.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektrokardiogram
adalah grafik yang merekam perubahan potensial listrik jantung yang dihubungkan
dengan waktu.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegunaan EKG
adalah :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">þ Mengetahui
kelainan-kelainan irama jantung (aritmia)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">þ Mengetahui
kelainan-kelainan miokardium (infark, hipertrophy atrial dan ventrikel)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">þ Mengetahui
adanya pengaruh atau efek obat-obat jantung</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">þ Mengetahui
adanya gangguan elektrolit</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">þ Mengetahui
adanya gangguan perikarditis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3564624893136868935" name="more"></a><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara merekam EKG</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persiapan
alat</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mesin
EKG yang dilengkapi 2 kabel</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Satu kabel
untuk listrik (power)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Satu kabel
untuk ground</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Satu kabel
untuk pasien</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Plat
elektrode yaitu</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektrode
ekstremitas diikatkan dengan ban pengikat khusus</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektrode
dada dengan balon penghisap</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jelly
elektrode/air</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kertas
EKG</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kertas
tissue</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara menempatkan elektrode :</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektrode
ekstremitas atas dipasang pada pergelangan tangan kanan dan searah dengan
telapak tangan</span></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektrode
ekstremitas bawah pada pergelangan kaki kanan dan kiri sebelah dalam</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemasangan
pada pergelangan tidak mutlak, bisa diperlukan untuk dapat dipasang sampai paha
kiri atau kanan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel yang
dihubungkan :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merah è
Lengan kanan (RA)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kuning è
Lengan kiri (LA)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hijau è
Tungkai kiri (LL)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hitam è
Tungkai kanan (RL) : ground</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektrode
dada (prekordial) terpasang</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V1 : Spatium
Interkostal (SIC) ke IV pinggir kanan sternum</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V2 : SIC ke
IV sebelah pinggir kiri sternum</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V3 :
ditengah diantara V2 dan V4</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V4 : SIC ke
V garis mid klavikula kiri</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V5 : Sejajar
V4 garis aksilaris kiri</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V6 : Sejajar
V6 garis mid aksilaris</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V7 : Sejajar
V6 pada garis post aksilaris <b><i>(jarang dipakai)</i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V8 : Sejajar
V7 garis ventrikel ujung scapula <b><i>(jarang dipakai)</i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V9 : Sejajar
V8 pada kiri ventrikel <b><i>(jarang dipakai)</i></b></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hidupkan
mesin EKG</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perksa
kembali standarisasi EKG dengan :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalibrasi 1
milivolt è akan memberikan gelombang setinggi 10 mm</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kecepatan 25
mm per detik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lakukan
kalibrasi dengan menekan tombol start/run. Setelah kertas EKG bergerak, tekan
tombol kalibrasi untuk memeriksa apakah gelombang EKG sesuai 10 mm/1MV, dengan
memindahkan lead selektor buat perekaman EKG berturut-turut :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lead
ekstremitas :I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lead
prekordial : V1-V6.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Standar lead
ekstremitas:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana
asal dari gel I, II, III, dan aVR, aVL dan aVF?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lead
I : Perbedaan potensial antara LA dan RA</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lead
II : Perbedaan potensial antara RA dan LL</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lead III :
Perbedaan potensial antara LA dan LL</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aVR :
Potensial dari lengan kanan terhadap</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aVL :
Potensial dari lengan kiri terhadap</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aVF :
Potensial dari tungkai kiri terhadap</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cek List pemasangan EKG</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 578px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">No</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan</span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dilakukan</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ya</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cek alat
EKG dan kelengkapannya</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cuci
tangan</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengucapkan
salam</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menjelaskan
tujuan pemeriksaan</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menjelaskan
langkah dan prosedur</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menanyakan
kesiapan pasien</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyalakan
mesin EKG</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Baringkan
pasien dengan tenang di bed, tangan dan kaki tidak bersentuhan</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pastikan
tidak ada alat elektronik dan logam lain yang bersentuhan dengan badan</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bersihkan
dada, kedua pergelangan tangan dan kaki dengan kapas alkohol</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri
elektrode ekstremitas dengan jeli</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang
empat elektrode ekstremitas dengan benar</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">13</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dada
diberi jeli sesuai dengan lokasi elektrode V1-V6</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasang
elektrode prekordial dengan benar</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rekam
setiap lead 3-4 beat (setelan otomatis)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lepas
elektrode</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bersihkan
tubuh pasien</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beritahu
pasien perekaman sudah selesai</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">19</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Matikan
mesin EKG</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">20</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Catat nama
pasien, umur, jam dan tanggal pemeriksaan</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">21</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bereskan
alat</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0pt;" valign="top" width="32"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 342.0pt;" valign="top" width="456">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Total :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-39268204545041859252013-04-23T00:11:00.004-07:002013-04-23T00:11:33.543-07:00Prosedur Pemasangan Infus<div class="wp-caption-text">
<span style="color: blue;">Cairan Infus</span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">URAIAN UMUM<br />
Pemberian cairan obat /makanan melalui pembuluh darah vena<br />
A. PERSIAPAN<br />
I. Persiapan Klien<br />
- Cek perencanaan Keperawatan klien<br />
- Klien diberi penjelasan tentang prosedur yang akan dilakukan<br />
II. Persiapan Alat<br />
- Standar infus<br />
- Ciran infus dan infus set sesuai kebutuhan<br />
- Jarum / wings needle / abocath sesuai dengan ukuran yang dibutuhkan<br />
- Bidai / alas infus<br />
- Perlak dan torniquet<br />
- Plester dan gunting<br />
- Bengkok<br />
- Sarung tangan bersih<br />
- Kassa seteril<br />
- Kapas alkohol dalam tempatnya<br />
- Bethadine dalam tempatnya</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">B. PELAKSANAAN<br />
- Perawat cuci tangan<br />
- Memberitahu tindakan yang akan dilakukan dan pasang sampiran<br />
- Mengisis selang infus<br />
Membuka plastik infus set dengan benar<br />
Tetap melindungi ujung selang seteril<br />
Menggantungkan infus set dengan cairan infus dengan posisi cairan infus mengarah keatas<br />
Menggantung cairan infus di standar cairan infus<br />
Mengisi kompartemen infus set dengan cara menekan ( tapi jangan sampai terendam )<br />
Mengisi selang infus dengan cairan yang benar<br />
Menutup ujung selang dan tutup dengan mempertahankan keseterilan<br />
Cek adanya udara dalam selang<br />
- Pakai sarung tangan bersih bila perlu<br />
- Memilih posisi yang tepat untuk memasang infus<br />
- Meletakan perlak dan pengalas dibawah bagian yang akan dipungsi<br />
- Memilih vena yang tepat dan benar<br />
- Memasang torniquet<br />
- Desinfeksi vena dengan tekhnik yang benar dengan alkohol dengan tekhnik sirkuler atau dari atas ke bawah sekali hapus<br />
- Buka kateter ( abocath ) dan periksa apakah ada kerusakan<br />
- Menusukan kateter / abocath pada vena yang telah dipilih dengan apa arah dari arah samping<br />
- Memperhatikan adanya darah dalam kompartemen darah dalam kateter, bila
ada maka mandrin sedikit demi sedikit ditarik keluar sambil kateter
dimasukan perlahan-lahan<br />
- Torniquet dicabut<br />
- Menyambungkan dengan ujung selang yang telah terlebih dahulu
dikeluarkan cairannya sedikit, dan sambil dibiarkan menetes sedikit<br />
- Memberi plester pada ujung plastik kateter / abocath tapi tidak menyentuh area penusukan untuk fiksasi<br />
- Membalut dengan kassa bethadine seteril dan menutupnya dengan kassa seteril kering<br />
- Memberi plester dengan benar dan mempertahankan keamanan kateter / abocath agar tidak tercabut<br />
- Mengatur tetasan infus sesuai dengan kebutuhan klien<br />
- Alat-alat dibereskan dan perhatikan respon klien<br />
- Perawat cuci tangan<br />
- Catat tindakan yang dilakukan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">C. EVALUASI<br />
- Perhatikan kelancaran infus, dan perhatikian juga respon klien terhadap pemberian tindakan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">D. DOKUMENTASI<br />
Mencatat tindakan yang telah dilakukan (waktu pelaksanaan, hasil
tindakan, reaksi / respon klien terhadap pemasangan infus, cairan dan
tetesan yang diberikan, nomor abocath, vena yang dipasang, dan perawat
yang melakukan ) pada catatan keperawatan</span>Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-44369268898511031262013-04-23T00:05:00.003-07:002013-04-23T00:05:38.541-07:00Pemberian Oksigen<span style="color: blue;">1. Definisi<br />
Pemberian terapi oxygen adalah suatu tata cara pemberian bantuan gas
oksigen pada penderita yang mengalami gangguan pernapasan ke dalam paru
melalui saluran pernafasan dengan menggunakan alat khusus.<br /><br />
2. Tujuan</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
- Memenuhi kekurangan oksigen<br />
- Membantu kelancaran metabolisme<br />
- Sebagai tindakan pengobatan<br />
- Mencegah hipoksia<br />
- Mengurangi beban kerja alat nafas dan jantung<br /><br />
3. Prosedur</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
INDIKASI<br />
Terapi ini dilakukan pada penderita :<br />
- Dengan anoksia atau hipoksia<br />
- Dengan kelumpuhan alat-alat pernafasan<br />
- Selama dan sesudah dilakukan narcose umum<br />
- Mendapat trauma paru<br />
- Tiba-tiba menunjukkan tanda-tanda <a href="http://teguhsubianto.blogspot.com/2009/05/prosedur-penanganan-penderita-shock.html" target="_blank">shock</a>, dispneu, cyanosis, apneu<br />
- Dalam keadaan <a href="http://teguhsubianto.blogspot.com/2009/06/prosedur-penatalaksanaan-koma.html" target="_blank">coma</a><br /><br />
PERSIAPAN</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
1. Alat :<br />
- Tabung oksigen beserta isinya<br />
- Regulator dan flow meter<br />
- Botol pelembab<br />
- Masker atau nasal prong<br />
- Slang penghubung<br />
2. Penderita<br />
- Penderita diberi penjelasan tentang tindakan yang kan dilakukan<br />
- Pendrita ditempatkan pada posisi yang sesuai<br /><br />
TATA KERJA</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
1. Tabung oksigen dibuka dan diperiksa isinya<br />
2. Cuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah melaksanakan tindakan<br />
3. Hubungkan nasal prong atau masker dengan slang oksigen ke botol pelembab<br />
4. Pasang ke penderita <br />
5. Atur aliran oksigen sesuai dengan kebutuhan<br />
6. Setelah pemberian tidak dibutuhkan lagi lepas nasal prong atau masker dari penderita<br />
7. Tabung oksigen ditutup<br />
8. Penderita dirapikan kembali<br />
9. Peralatan dibereskan<br /><span class="fullpost"><br />
PERHATIAN<br />
- Amati tanda-tanda vital sebelum, selama dan sesudah pemberian oksigen<br />
- Jauhkan hal-hal yang dapat membahayakan misalnya : api, yang dapat menimbulkan kebakaran<br />
- Air pelembab harus diganti setiap 24 jam dan isi sesuai batas yang ada pada botol<br />
- Botol pelembab harus disimpan dalam keadaan bersih dan kering bila tidak dipakai<br />
- Nasal prong dan masker harus dibersihkan, didesinfeksi dan disimpan kering<br />
- Pemberian oksigen harus hati-hati terutama pada penderita penyakit
paru kronis karena pemberian oksigen yang terlalu tinggi dapat
mengakibatkan hipoventilasi,hypercarbia diikuti penurunan kesadaran.<br />
- Terapi oksigen sebaiknya diawali dengan aliran 1 – 2 liter/menit, kemudian dinaikkan pelan-pelan sesuai kebutuhan<br />
<br />
3. Referensi<br />
1. Muhammad Amin, Hood Alsagaff,WBM Taib Saleh, Penyakit Paru Obstruktif
Menahun, Ilmu Penyakit Paru, Airlangga University Press, 1989<br />
2. Muhammad Amin, Hood Alsagaff,WBM Taib Saleh,Penyakit Paru Obstruktif
Menahun, Pedoman Diagnosa dan Terapi Lab/UPF Paru RSUD Dr. Soetomo,
Surabaya, 1994</span></span>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-61433196588377693872013-04-22T23:56:00.002-07:002013-04-22T23:56:32.836-07:00ASKEP WSD<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>BAB 1</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>PENDAHULUAN</strong></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.1 </strong><strong>Latar Belakang</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Bernapas merupakan aktivitas yang penting bagi manusia. Tubuh
memerlukan suplai oksigen yang cukup untuk proses metabolisme. Jika
terjadi gangguan pada saluran pernapasan misalnya saluran pernapasan
terisi oleh zat lain seperti cairan, maka pertukaran gas akan terganggu.
Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan tindakan untuk membantu mengembalikan
fungsi normal saluran pernapasan, salah satunya adalah dengan pemasangan
WSD (Water Seal Drainage).</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kebutuhan pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage) misalnya, pada trauma
(luka tusuk di dada), biasanya disebabkan oleh benda tajam, bila tidak
mengenai jantung, biasanya dapat menembus rongga paru-paru. Mekanisme
penyebabnya bisa satu tusukan kuat ataupun satu gerakan mendadak yang
hebat. Akibatnya, selain terjadi peradarahan dari rongga paru-paru,
udara juga akan masuk ke dalam rongga paru-paru. Oleh karena itu,
paru-paru pada sisi yang luka akan mengempis. Penderita nampak kesakitan
ketika bernapas dan mendadak merasa sesak dan gerakan iga disisi yang
luka menjadi berkurang (Kartono, M. 1991).</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Untuk itu dalam makalah ini kelompok akan menjelaskan tentang asuhan
keperawatan pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage) dan diharapkan bisa
membantu mahasiswa, tenaga kesehatan dan masyarakat umum untuk lebih
memahami tentang masalah WSD (Water Seal Drainage).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.2 </strong><strong>Rumusan Masalah</strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Apa definisi dari WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Apa saja tujuan pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Apa saja indikasi dan kontraindikasi dari pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Apa saja komplikasi dari pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Apa saja macam-macam dari WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bagaimana prosedur pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bagaimana asuhan keperawatan pada pasien dengan pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.3 Tujuan</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">1.3.1 Tujuan Umum</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Memahami asuhan keperawatan yang harus diberikan kepada pasien dengan pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage).</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mahasiswa mampu memahami definisi dari WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mahasiswa mampu memahami tujuan pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mahasiswa mampu memahami indikasi dan kontraindikasi dari pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mahasiswa mampu memahami komplikasi dari pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mahasiswa mampu memahami macam-macam dari WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mahasiswa mampu memahami prosedur pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mahasiswa mampu memahami asuhan keperawatan pada pasien dengan pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)?</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.4 Manfaat</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Dengan adanya makalah ini, diharapkan mahasiswa mampu memahami asuhan
keperawatan pada pasien dengan pemasangan WSD (Water Seal Drainage)
serta mampu mengimplementasikannya dalam proses keperawatan.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>BAB 2</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</strong></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.1 DEFINISI</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong> </strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">WSD merupakan tindakan invasive yang dilakukan untuk mengeluarkan
udara, cairan (darah,pus) dari rongga pleura, rongga thorax; dan
mediastinum dengan menggunakan pipa penghubung untuk mempertahankan
tekanan negatif rongga tersebut. Dalam keadaan normal rongga pleura
memiliki tekanan negatif dan hanya terisi sedikit cairan pleura /
lubrican.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Pada trauma toraks, WSD dapat berarti :</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Diagnostik : </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Menentukan perdarahan dari pembuluh darah besar atau kecil, sehingga
dapat ditentukan perlu operasi torakotomi atau tidak, sebelum penderita
jatuh dalam shoks.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Terapi : </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Mengeluarkan darah atau udara yang terkumpul di rongga pleura.
Mengembalikan tekanan rongga pleura sehingga “mechanis of breathing”
dapat kembali seperti yang seharusnya.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Preventive : </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Mengeluarkan udaran atau darah yang masuk ke rongga pleura sehingga “mechanis of breathing” tetap baik.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Perubahan Tekanan Rongga Pleura</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="153">
<span style="color: blue;">Tekanan</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="147">
<span style="color: blue;">Istirahat</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="147">
<span style="color: blue;">Inspirasi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="148">
<span style="color: blue;">Ekspirasi</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="153">
<span style="color: blue;">Atmosfer</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="147">
<span style="color: blue;">760</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="147">
<span style="color: blue;">760</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="148">
<span style="color: blue;">760</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="153">
<span style="color: blue;">Intrapulmoner</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="147">
<span style="color: blue;">760 </span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="147">
<span style="color: blue;">757</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="148">
<span style="color: blue;">763</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="153">
<span style="color: blue;">Intrapleural </span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="147">
<span style="color: blue;">756 </span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="147">
<span style="color: blue;">750</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="148">
<span style="color: blue;">756</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.2 TUJUAN</strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengeluarkan cairan atau darah, udara dari rongga pleura dan rongga thorak</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengembalikan tekanan negative pada rongga pleura</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengembangkan kembali paru yang kolaps</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mencegah refluks drainage kembali ke dalam rongga dada</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengalirkan / drainage udara atau cairan dari rongga pleura untuk mempertahankan tekanan negatif rongga tersebut</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.3 INDIKASI PEMASANGAN WSD</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">a. Pneumothoraks :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Spontan > 20% oleh karena rupture bleb</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Luka tusuk tembus</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Klem dada yang terlalu lama</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Kerusakan selang dada pada sistem drainase</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">b. Hemothoraks :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Robekan pleura</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Kelebihan antikoagulan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Pasca bedah thoraks</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">c. Hemopneumothorak</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">d. Thorakotomy :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Lobektomy</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Pneumoktomy</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">e. Efusi pleura : Post operasi jantung</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">f. Emfiema :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Penyakit paru serius</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Kondisi indflamsi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">g. Profilaksis pada pasien trauma dada yang akan dirujuk</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">h. Flail Chest yang membutuhkan pemasangan ventilator</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.4 KONTRAINDIKASI PEMASANGAN WSD</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">a. Infeksi pada tempat pemasangan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">b. Gangguan pembekuan darah yang tidak terkontrol</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.5 KOMPLIKASI</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">a. Komplikasi primer : perdarahan, edema paru, tension pneumothoraks, atrial aritmia</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">b. Komplikasi sekunder : infeksi, emfiema</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">c. Komplikasi lainnya : laserasi ( yang mencederai organ: hepar,
lien), perdarahan, empisema subkutis, tube terlepas, tube tersumbat</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.6 MACAM-MACAM</strong><strong> </strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">WSD dengan sistem satu botol</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">· Sistem yang paling sederhana dan sering digunakan pada pasien simple pneumothoraks</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Terdiri dari botol dengan penutup segel yang mempunyai 2 lubang
selang yaitu 1 untuk ventilasi dan 1 lagi masuk ke dalam botol. Jenis
ini mempunyai 2 fungsi, sebagai penampung dan botol penampung</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Air steril dimasukan ke dalam botol sampai ujung selang terendam
2cm untuk mencegah masuknya udara ke dalam tabung yang menyebabkan
kolaps paru</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Note:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Apabila < 2 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, berarti <em>no water seal. </em>Hal ini sangat berbahaya karena menyebabkan paru kolaps.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Apabila > 2 cm H2O, berarti memerlukan tekanan yang lebih tinggi dari paru untuk mengeluarkan cairan atau udara.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Apabila tidak ada fluktuasi yang mengikuti respirasi apat
disebabkan karena adanya kinking, clotting atau perubahan posisi chest
tube.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Selang untuk ventilasi dalam botol dibiarkan terbuka untuk memfasilitasi udara dari rongga pleura keluar</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Drainage tergantung dari mekanisme pernafasan dan gravitasi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Undulasi pada selang cairan mengikuti irama pernafasan :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Inspirasi akan meningkat</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Ekpirasi menurun</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">b. WSD dengan sistem 2 botol</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Digunakan 2 botol ; 1 botol mengumpulkan cairan drainage dan botol ke-2 botol water seal.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Botol 1 dihubungkan dengan selang drainage yang awalnya kosong dan
hampa udara, selang pendek pada botol 1 dihubungkan dengan selang di
botol 2 yang berisi water seal. Dapat dihubungkan dengan suction control</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Cairan drainase dari rongga pleura masuk ke botol 1 dan udara dari rongga pleura masuk ke water seal botol 2</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Prinsip kerjasama dengan ystem 1 botol yaitu udara dan cairan
mengalir dari rongga pleura ke botol WSD dan udara dipompakan keluar
melalui selang masuk ke WSD</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Biasanya digunakan untuk mengatasi hemothoraks, hemopneumothoraks, efusi peural</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">. Keuntungannya adalah water seal tetappada satu level</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">c. WSD dengan sistem 3 botol</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Sama dengan sistem 2 botol, ditambah 1 botol untuk mengontrol
jumlah hisapan yang digunakan. Selain itu terpasang manometer untuk
mengontrol tekanan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Paling aman untuk mengatur jumlah hisapan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Yang terpenting adalah kedalaman selang di bawah air pada botol
ke-3. Jumlah hisapan tergantung pada kedalaman ujung selang yang
tertanam dalam air botol WSD</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Drainage tergantung gravitasi dan jumlah hisapan yang ditambahkan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Botol ke-3 mempunyai 3 selang :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Tube pendek diatas batas air dihubungkan dengan tube pada botol ke dua</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Tube pendek lain dihubungkan dengan suction</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">· Tube di tengah yang panjang sampai di batas permukaan air dan terbuka ke atmosfer</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>BAB 3</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>PROSEDUR PEMASANGAN WSD</strong></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.1 TEMPAT PEMASANGAN WSD</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">a. Bagian apex paru (apical)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Anterolateral interkosta ke 1-2</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Fungsi : untuk mengeluarkan udara dari rongga pleura</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">b. Bagian basal</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Postero lateral interkosta ke 8-9</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Fungsi : untuk mengeluarkan cairan (darah, pus) dari rongga pleura</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.2 CARA PEMASANGAN WSD</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.2.1 Persiapan</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">1. Pengkajian</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">a. Memeriksa kembali instruksi dokter</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">b. Mengecek inform consent</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">c. Mengkaji status pasien; TTV, status pernafasan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2. Persiapan pasien</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">a. Siapkan pasien</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">b. Memberi penjelasan kepada pasien mencakup :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">c. Tujuan tindakan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">d. Posisi tubuh saat tindakan dan selama terpasang WSD. Posisi klien dapat duduk atau berbaring</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">e. Upaya-upaya untuk mengurangi rangsangan nyeri seperti nafas dalam, distraksi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">f. Latihan rentang sendi (ROM) pada sendi bahu sisi yang terkena</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Persiapan alat</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Sistem drainage tertutup</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Motor suction</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Slang penghubung steril</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Botol berwarna putih/bening dengan kapasitas 2 liter, gas, pisau
jaringan/silet, trokart, cairan antiseptic, benang catgut dan jarumnya,
duk bolong, sarung tangan , spuit 10cc dan 50cc, kassa, NACl 0,9%,
konektor, set balutan, obat anestesi (lidokain, xylokain), masker.</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.3.2 </strong><strong>Pelaksanaan</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Prosedur ini dilakukan oleh dokter. Perawat membantu agar prosedur
dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik , dan perawat memberi dukungan moril pada
pasien.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tentukan tempat pemasangan, biasanya pada sela iga ke IV dan V, di linea aksilaris anterior dan media</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Lakukan analgesia / anestesia pada tempat yang telah ditentukan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Buat insisi kulit dan sub kutis searah dengan pinggir iga, perdalam sampai muskulus interkostalis</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pada saat inspirasi:</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tekanan dalam paru-paru > kecil dibanding tekanan yang ada di dalam WSD</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Paru- paru mengembang</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Note:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Apabila menggunakan WSD tipe satu botol, saat inspirasi cairan
biasanya akan tertarik ke atas, namun tidak sampai masuk kembali ke
rongga pleura karena adanya gaya gravitasi dan perbedaan sifat cairan
yang lebih berat daripada udara.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pada saat ekspirasi:</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Tekanan dalam paru- paru > besar dibanding tekanan yang ada di dalam WSD</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Masukkan Kelly klem melalui pleura parietalis kemudian disebarkan.
Masukkan jari melalui lubang tersebut. untuk memastikan sudah sampai
rongga pleura / menyentuh paru</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Masukkan selang (chest tube) melalui lubang yang telah dibuat dengan menggunakan Kelly forceps</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Chest tube yang telah terpasang, difiksasi dengan jahitan di dinding dada</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Chest tube disambung ke WSD yang telah disiapkan</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">10. Foto X-ray dada untuk menilai posisi selang yang telah dimasukkan</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.3.3 Tindakan setelah prosedur</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">1. Perhatikan undulasi pada selang WSD</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Bila undulasi tidak ada, berbagai kondisi dapat terjadi antara lain :</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Motor suction tidak berjalan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Slang tersumbat dan terlipat</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Paru-paru telah mengembang</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Yakinkan apa yang menjadi penyebab, segera periksa kondisi system drainage, amati tanda-tanda kesulitan bernafas</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cek ruang control suction untuk mengetahui jumlah cairan yang keluar</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cek batas cairan dari botol WSD, pertahankan dan tentukan batas yang
telah ditetapkan serta pastikan ujung pipa berada 2cm di bawah air</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Catat jumlah cairan yg keluar dari botol WSD tiap jam untuk mengetahui jumlah cairan yg keluar</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Observasi pernafasan, nadi setiap 15 menit pada 1 jam pertama</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perhatikan balutan pada insisi, apakah ada perdarahan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Anjurkan pasien memilih posisi yg nyaman dengan memperhatikan jangan sampai slang terlipat</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Anjurkan pasien untuk memegang slang apabila akan merubah posisi</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">10. Beri tanda pada batas cairan setiap hari, catat tanggal dan waktu</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">11. Ganti botol WSD setiap 3 hari dan bila sudah penuh. Catat jumlah cairan yang dibuang</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">12. Lakukan pemijatan pada slang untuk melancarkan aliran</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">13. Observasi dengan ketat tanda-tanda kesulitan bernafas, sianosis, emphysema subkutan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">14. Anjurkan pasien untuk menarik nafas dalam dan ystem cara batuk efektif</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">15. Botol WSD harus selalu lebih rendah dari tubuh</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">16. Yakinkan bahwa selang tidak kaku dan menggantung di atas WSD</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">17. Latih dan anjurkan klien untuk secara rutin 2-3 kali sehari
melakukan latihan gerak pada persendian bahu daerah pemasangan WSD</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.3 </strong><strong>PERAWATAN WSD</strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mencegah infeksi di bagian masuknya slang.<br /> Mendeteksi di bagian
dimana masuknya slang, dan pengganti verband 2 hari sekali, dan perlu
diperhatikan agar kain kassa yang menutup bagian masuknya slang dan tube
tidak boleh dikotori waktu menyeka tubuh pasien. </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengurangi rasa sakit dibagian masuknya slang. Untuk rasa sakit yang hebat akan diberi analgetik oleh dokter. </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Dalam perawatan yang harus diperhatikan : </span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Penetapan slang.<br /> Slang diatur se-nyaman mungkin, sehingga slang
yang dimasukkan tidak terganggu dengan bergeraknya pasien, sehingga rasa
sakit di bagian masuknya slang dapat dikurangi.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pergantian posisi badan.<br /> Usahakan agar pasien dapat merasa enak
dengan memasang bantal kecil dibelakang, atau memberi tahanan pada
slang, melakukan pernapasan perut, merubah posisi tubuh sambil
mengangkat badan, atau menaruh bantal di bawah lengan atas yang cedera. </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mendorong berkembangnya paru-paru. </span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Dengan WSD/Bullow drainage diharapkan paru mengembang.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Latihan napas dalam.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Latihan batuk yang efisien : batuk dengan posisi duduk, jangan batuk waktu slang diklem.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kontrol dengan pemeriksaan fisik dan radiologi. </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perhatikan keadaan dan banyaknya cairan suction. </span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Perdarahan dalam 24 jam setelah operasi umumnya 500 - 800 cc. Jika
perdarahan dalam 1 jam melebihi 3 cc/kg/jam, harus dilakukan torakotomi.
Jika banyaknya hisapan bertambah/berkurang, perhatikan juga secara
bersamaan keadaan pernapasan.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Suction harus berjalan efektif : </span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Perhatikan setiap 15 - 20 menit selama 1 - 2 jam setelah operasi dan setiap 1 - 2 jam selama 24 jam setelah operasi.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Perhatikan banyaknya cairan, keadaan cairan, keluhan pasien, warna muka, keadaan pernapasan, denyut nadi, tekanan darah.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Perlu sering dicek, apakah tekanan negative tetap sesuai petunjuk
jika suction kurang baik, coba merubah posisi pasien dari terlentang, ke
1/2 terlentang atau 1/2 duduk ke posisi miring bagian operasi di bawah
atau di cari penyababnya misal : slang tersumbat oleh gangguan darah,
slang bengkok atau alat rusak, atau lubang slang tertutup oleh karena
perlekatanan di dinding paru-paru. </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perawatan “slang” dan botol WSD/ Bullow drainage. </span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Cairan dalam botol WSD diganti setiap hari , diukur berapa cairan yang keluar kalau ada dicatat.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Setiap hendak mengganti botol dicatat pertambahan cairan dan adanya gelembung udara yang keluar dari bullow drainage.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Penggantian botol harus “tertutup” untuk mencegah udara masuk yaitu meng”klem” slang pada dua tempat dengan kocher.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Setiap penggantian botol/slang harus memperhatikan sterilitas botol dan slang harus tetap steril.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Penggantian harus juga memperhatikan keselamatan kerja diri-sendiri, dengan memakai sarung tangan.</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"> Cegah bahaya yang menggangu tekanan negatip dalam rongga dada,
misal : slang terlepas, botol terjatuh karena kesalahan dll WSD (Water
Seal Drainage)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.4 </strong><strong>INDIKASI PELEPASAN WSD</strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Produksi cairan <50 cc/hari</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bubling sudah tidak ditemukan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pernafasan pasien normal</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">1-3 hari <em>post cardiac surgery</em></span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">2-6 hari <em>post thoracic surgery</em></span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pada thorax foto menunjukkan pengembangan paru yang adekuat atau tidak adanya cairan atau udara pada rongga intra pleura</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>BAB 4</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</strong></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>4.1 PENGKAJIAN KEPERAWATAN</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>4.1.1. Anamnesa</strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Identitas Pasien</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Terdiri dari nama, umur, suku bangsa, agama, pendidikan, dan pekerjaan.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Keluhan Utama</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Keluhan utama merupakan keluhan yang paling utama dirasakan pasien</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Biasanya pada pasien dengan efusi pleura didapatkan keluhan berupa :
sesak nafas, rasa berat pada dada, nyeri pleuritik akibat iritasi
pleura yang bersifat tajam dan terlokasilir terutama pada saat batuk dan
bernafas serta batuk non produktif, sedangkan pada pneumothorak </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Riwayat yang menceritakan perjalanan penyakit pasien hingga pasien dibawa ke rumah sakit.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Riwayat Penyakit Dahulu</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Riwayat penyakit yang dulu pernah diderita klien yang berhubungan dengan penyakit yang diderita pasien sekarang.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Riwayat Penyakit Keluarga</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Riwayat penyakit yang mungkin diderita oleh anggota keluarga pasien
yang disinyalir sebagai penyebab penyakit pasien sekarang. Contohnya: Ca
paru, TBC, dll.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Riwayat Psikososial</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Meliputi perasaan pasien terhadap penyakitnya, bagaimana cara
mengatasinya serta bagaimana respon pasien terhadap tindakan pengobatan
yang dilakukan terhadap dirinya.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>4.1.2. Pemeriksaan Fisik </strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tanda-tanda vital meliputi: tekanan darah, suhu, nadi, dan RR. </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tingkat kesadaran pasien perlu dikaji, apakah composmentis, apatis,
somnolen, sopor atau koma. Bagaimana penampilan pasien secara umum,
ekspresi wajah pasien selama dilakukan anamnesa, bagaimana mood pasien
untuk mengetahui tingkat kecemasan dan ketegangan pasien.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">ROS (Review of System)</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">B1 (Breath) </span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kaji ada tidaknya kesulitan bernafas seperti adanya keluhan sesak</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Batuk (produktif atau tidak produktif, secret, warna, konsistensi, bau)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Irama nafas pasien (teratur/tidak teratur), takipnea</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Adanya peningkatan kerja nafas, penggunaan otot bantu dada, retraksi interkostal</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Fremitus fokal</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perkusi dada : hipersonor</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pada inspeksi dan palpasi dada tidak simetris</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pada kulit terdapat sianosis, pucat, krepitasi subkutan </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Selain itu kaji riwayat penyakit paru kronik, peradangan, infeksi paru, tumor, biopsi paru.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">B2 (Blood)</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Taki kardi, irama jantung tidak teratur ( disaritmia )</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Suara jantung III, IV, galop / gagal jantung sekunder</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Hipertensi / hipotensi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">CRT untuk mengetahui tingkat perfusi perifer, normalnya < 3 detik</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Akral : hangat, panas, dingin, kering atau basah</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">B3 (Brain)</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tentukan GCS pasien</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tentukan adanya keluhan pusing, </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Lamanya istirahat/tidur, normal kebutuhan istirahat tiap hari adalah sekitar 6-7 jam.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">ada tidaknya gangguan pada nerves pendengaran, penglihatan, penciuman.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kaji adanya nyeri, tentukan skala nyeri pasien, lokasi nyeri
misallnya nyeri dada sebelah kanan, frekuensi nyeri (serangan datang
secara tiba-tiba), nyeri bertambah saat bernapas, nyeri menyebar ke
dada, badan dan perut dan hal-hal lain yang berhubungan dengan nyeri
yang dirasakan pasien</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">B4 (Bladder)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kaji beberapa hal yang berhubungan dengan system perkemihan, meliputi:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Keluhan kencing : nocturia, poliuria, disuria, oliguria, anuria, retensi, inkontinensia</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Produksi urine tiap hari, warna, dan bau. Produksi urine normal adalah sekitar 500cc/hari dan berwarna kuning bening</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Keadaan kandung kemih : membesar atau tidak, adanya nyeri tekan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Intake cairan tiap hari, pemberiannya melalui oral atau parenteral.
Intake cairan yang normal setiap hari adalah sekitar 1 liter air.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kaji ada tidaknya penggunaan alat bantu kateter</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">B5 (Bowel)</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kaji keadaan mulut pasien: bersih, kotor atau berbau</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Keadaan mukosa: lembab, kerig, stomatitis</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tenggorokan : adanya nyeri menelan, pembesaran tonsil, nyeri tekan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Keadaan abdomen: tegang, kembung atau ascites</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> i. Adanya nyeri tekan, ada tidaknya luka bekas operasi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Peristaltic usus tiap menitnya</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Frekuensi BAB tiap hari da konsistensinya (keras, lunak, cair atau berdarah)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Nafsu makan, adanya diet makanan dan porsi makan tiap hari</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">B6 (Bone)</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tentukan pergerakan sendi pasien (bebas, terbatas)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kaji adanya kelainan ekstermitas, kelainan tualang belakang dan fraktur</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Keadaan kulit: ikteri, siaonis, kemerahan atau hiperglikemi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Keadaan turgor kulit</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>4.1.3. Pemeriksaan Penunjang</strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pemeriksaan laboratorium</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Darah lengkap dan kimia darah</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bakteriologis</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Analisis cairan pleura</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pemeriksaan radiologis</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Biopsi</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>4.1.4 Diagnosa Keperawatan</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Ketidakefektifan pola pernapasan yang berhubungan dengan immobilitas, tekanan dan nyeri.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Nyeri dada b.d factor-faktor biologis (trauma jaringan) dan factor-faktor fisik (pemasangan selang dada)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Resiko infeksi b.d terpasangnya benda asing dalam tubuh</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kurang pengetahuan mengenai kondisi, aturan pengobatan berhubungan dengan kurang terpajan informasi.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong> </strong><strong>4.1.5 </strong><strong> Intervensi</strong><strong></strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ketidakefektifan pola pernapasan yang berhubungan dengan immobilitas, tekanan dan nyeri.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Kemungkinan dibuktikan oleh : dispneu, takipneu, perubahan kedalaman
pernapasan, penggunaan otot aksesori, gangguan pengembangan dada,
sianosis.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Tujuan : pola nafas efektif</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kriteria hasil :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">a. Menunjukkan pola napas normal/efektif</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">b. Bebas sianosis dan tanda gejala hipoksia</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi :</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Rasional</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Pertahankan posisi nyaman, biasanya peninggian kepala tempat tidur (head up)</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Meningkatkan inspirasi maksimal, meningkatkan ekspansi paru dan ventilasi pada sisi yang tak sakit.</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Bila selang dada dipasang :</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Periksa pengontrol penghisap, batas cairan</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Observasi gelembung udara botol penampung</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">c. Klem selang pada bagian bawah unit drainase bila terjadi kebocoran</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">d. Awasi pasang surutnya air penampung dan water seal</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">e. Catat karakter/jumlah drainase selang dada.</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Mempertahankan tekanan negative intrapleural sesuai yang diberikan,
yang meningkatkan ekspansi paru optimum dan/ atau drainase cairan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Gelembung udara selama ekspirasi menunjukkan lubang angin dari
pneumothorak. Naik turunnya gelembung udara menunjukkan ekspansi paru</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Mengisolasi lokasi kebocoran udara pusat system</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Fluktuasi (pasang surut) menunjukkan perbedaan tekanan inspirasi dan eksprirasi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Berguna dalam menevaluasi perbaikan kondisi/terjadinya komplikasi atau perdarahan yang memerlukan upaya intervensi</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Berikan oksigen melalui kanul/masker, latih napas dalam dan batuk efektif</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Alat dalam menurunkan kerja napas; meningkatkan penghilangan distress respirasi dan sianosis b.d hipoksemia.</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Perawatan :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Observasi pola napas dan komplikasi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Agar pasien tercukupi oksigennya dan pola napasnya efektif, serta
untuk mencegah terjadinya komplikasi yang bias memperparah kondisi
klien</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Nyeri dada b.d faktor-faktor biologis (trauma jaringan) dan factor-faktor fisik (pemasangan selang dada)</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Kemungkinan dibuktikan dengan : RR dan nadi meningkat, raut wajah pasien seperti menahan rasa sakit, pasien merasa tidak nyaman</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Tujuan : kenyamanan pasien terpenuhi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kriteria hasil: - nyeri berkurang bahkan hilang</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- RR dan nadi kembali normal yaitu 16-20x/menit dan 60-100x/menit</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Intervensi :</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Rasional</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">- Berikan tehnik relaksasi distraksi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Mengalihkan perhatian apsien terhadap rasa nyerinya sehingga nyeri pasien berkurang</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">- Jika nyeri tidak berkurang,kolaborasikan dengan dokter untuk pemberian obat analgesik</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Mengurangi tingakt nyeri yang dirasakan pasien</span><br />
<br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Observasi skala nyeri setelah intervensi yang telah dilakukan</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Sebagai evaluasi terhadap interensi yang telah dilakukan dan untuk merencanakan intervensi selanjutnya</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Resiko infeksi b.d terpasangnya benda asing dalam tubuh</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Kemungkina dibuktikan oleh: adanya inflamasi didaerah yang terpasang
WSD, suhu tubuh meningkat, nyeri pada daerah yang terpasang WSD</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Tujuan : tidak terjadi infekasi pada pasien</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kriteria hasil : - tidak terjadi infalamsi pada daerah yang terpasang WSD</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Tidak timbul rasa nyeri</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Suhu tubuh normal (36,5-37,5)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi :</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Rasional</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Rawat daerah yang terpasang WSD secara teratur</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Untuk menjaga kebersihan daerah yang terpasang WSD sehingga dapat meminimalisir peluang terjadinya infeksi.</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Ajarkan kepada keluarga untuk merawat daerah WSD dan instruksikan untuk merawatnya secara teratur</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Untuk melindungi tubuh dari resiko infeksi</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Ajarkan pasien tehnik mencuci tangan yang benar</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Ajarkan kepada pengunjung untuk mencuci tangan sewaktu masuk dan meninggalkan ruang pasien</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Ajarkan kepada pasien dan keluarga tanda/gejala infeksi dan kapan harus melaporkan ke pusat kesehatan</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Mencegah kontaminasi lingkungan terhadap pasien yang dapat emmicu terjadinya infeksi</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Mendeteksi adanya infeksi sedini mungkin sehingga dapa segera dilakukan tindakan agar infeksi tidak semakin parah</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Kolaborasikan untuk member antibiotik jika diperlukan</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Mengendalikan factor pemicu infeksi</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Batasi jumlah pengunjung jika diperlukan</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Meminimalkan pemicu infeksi</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kurang pengetahuan mengenai kondisi, aturan pengobatan berhubungan dengan kurang terpajan informasi.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Kemungkinan dibuktikan dengan : pasien sering bertanya, ketidakakuratan mengikuti instruksi, pasien tampak gelisah.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Tujuan : pengetahuan pasien dapat terpenuhi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kriteria hasil: - pasien mengungkapkan pemahaman tentang kondisi/ proses penyakit dan rencana pengobatan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">- Pasien berpartisipasi dalam program pengobatan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi :</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Rasional</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Berikan peran aktif pasien/ orang terdekat dalam proses belajar, misalnya: diskusi, partisipasi kelompok</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Belajar ditingkatkan bila individu secara aktif berperan</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Berikan informasi tertulis dan verbal sesuai indikasi. Masukkan
daftar artikel dan buku yang berhubungan dengan kebutuhan pasien/
keluarga dan dorong membaca dan memdiskusikan apa yang mereka pelajari</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Membantu pasien dan orang terdekat membuat pilihan berdasarkan informasi tentang masa depan.</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Informasikan kepada pasien tentang efek-efek pemasangan WSD</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Mengurangi ras cemas pasien akibat terpasangnya alat di tubuhnya</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="285">
<span style="color: blue;">Tinjau ulang pengetahuan pasien akan penyakit dan proses pengobatannya</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="286">
<span style="color: blue;">Mengetahui keefektifan intervensi yang telah dilakukan</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>BAB 5</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>PENUTUP</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>5.1 KESIMPULAN</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">WSD merupakan tindakan invasive yang dilakukan untuk mengeluarkan
udara, cairan (darah,pus) dari rongga pleura, rongga thorax; dan
mediastinum dengan menggunakan pipa penghubung untuk mempertahankan
tekanan negatif rongga tersebut. Dalam keadaan normal rongga pleura
memiliki tekanan negatif dan hanya terisi sedikit cairan pleura /
lubrican.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Tujuan pemasangan WSD antara lain :</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengeluarkan cairan atau darah, udara dari rongga pleura dan rongga thorak</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengembalikan tekanan negative pada rongga pleura</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengembangkan kembali paru yang kolaps</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mencegah refluks drainage kembali ke dalam rongga dada</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengalirkan / drainage udara atau cairan dari rongga pleura untuk mempertahankan tekanan negatif rongga tersebut</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Anonymous. 2008. Askep Pemasangan WSD.www.scribd.com, Diakses 20 Desember 2010 Jam 08.00 WIB</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Anonymous. 2008. www.asuhan-keperawatan-patriani.blogspot.com , Diakses 20 Desember 2010 Jam 21.27 WIB</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Anonymous. 2008. www.contoh-askep.blogspot.com , Diakses pada 20 Desember 2010 Jam 21.16 WIB</span>Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-71232888229336404242013-04-22T23:46:00.001-07:002013-04-22T23:46:28.828-07:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN TRAKEOSTOMI BESERTA CONTOH KASUS TRAKEOSTOMI<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>BAB</strong><strong> </strong><strong>1</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>PENDAHULUAN</strong></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.1 </strong><strong>Latar Belakang</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomi adalah operasi membuat jalan udara melalui leher langsung
ke trakea untuk mengatasi asfiksi apabila ada gangguan pertukaran udara
pernapasan. Trakeostomi diindikasikan untuk membebaskan obstruksi jalan
napas bagian atas, melindungi trakea serta cabang-cabangnya terhadap
aspirasi dan tertimbunnya <em>discharge</em> bronkus, serta pengobatan
terhadap penyakit (keadaan) yang mengakibatkan insufisiensi respirasi.
Perawatan pasca trakeostomi besar pengaruhnya terhadap kesuksesan
tindakan dan tujuan akhir trakeostomi. Perawatan pasca trakeostomi
yang baik meliputi pengisapan <em>discharge</em>,</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Pemeriksaan periodik kanul dalam, humidifikasi buatan, perawatan luka
operasi, pencegahan infeksi sekunder dan jika memakai kanul dengan
balon <em>(cuff)</em> yang <em>high volume-low pressure cuff </em>sangat
penting agar tidak timbul komplikasi lebih lanjut. Perawatan kanul
trakea di rumah sakit dilakukan oleh paramedis yang terlatih dan
mengetahui komplikasi trakeostomi, yang dapat disebabkan oleh alatnya
sendiri maupun akibat perubahan anatomis dan fisiologis jalan napas
pasca trakeostomi. Selain itu, pasien juga harus mengetahui bagaimana
cara membersihkan dan mengganti kanul trakheostomi, agar pasien dapat
secara mandiri menjaga kesehatan tubuhnya, apabila pasien pulang dengan
kanul trakhea masih terpasang. Dalam hal ini peran perawat sangat
penting sebagai educator dan role mode dalam perawatan mandiri pasien
trakheostomi. Oleh karena itu, pada makalah ini akan dijelaskan
berbagai macam hal mengenai trakheostomi. <strong> </strong></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.2 </strong><strong>Tujuan</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.2.1 </strong><strong>Tujuan Umum</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Mahasiswa dapat melakukan asuhan keperawatan pada klien dengan trakheostomi</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.2.2 </strong><strong>Tujuan Khusus</strong></span><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengetahui definisi trakeostomi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengetahui fungsi dari trakeostomi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengetahui indikasi dilakukannya prosedur trakheostomi </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengetahui kontraindikasi dilakukannya prosedur trakheostomi </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengetahui klasifikasi dan jenis trakheostomi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengetahui penatalaksanaan pemasangan dan perawatan trakheostomi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengetahui komplikasi yang timbul dari penggunaan trakheostomi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengetahui asuhan keperawatan pada trakeostomi</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.3 </strong><strong>Rumusan Masalah</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Bagaimana asuhan keperawatan pada klien yang terpasang trakeostomi?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.4 </strong><strong>Manfaat</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Manfaat disusunnya makalah ini adalah mahasiswa dapat melakukan
asuhan keperawatan pada klien yang terpasang trakeostomi dengan tepat
dan benar.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>BAB</strong><strong> </strong><strong>2</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</strong></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.1 </strong><strong>Anatomi Fisiologi Trakea</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Trakea merupakan tabung berongga yang disokong oleh cincin kartilago.
Panjang trakea pada orang dewasa 10-12 cm. Trakea berawal dari
kartilago krikoid yang berbentuk cincin meluas ke anterior pada
esofagus, turun ke dalam thoraks di mana ia membelah menjadi dua bronkus
utama pada karina. Pembuluh darah besar pada leher berjalan sejajar
dengan trakea di sebelah lateral dan terbungkus dalam selubung karotis.
Kelenjar tiroid terletak di atas trakea di setelah depan dan lateral.
Ismuth melintas trakea di sebelah anterior, biasanya setinggi cincin
trakea kedua hingga kelima. Saraf laringeus rekuren terletak pada sulkus
trakeoesofagus. Di bawah jaringan subkutan dan menutupi trakea di
bagian depan adalah otot-otot supra sternal yang melekat pada kartilago
tiroid dan hioid.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.2 </strong><strong>Definisi</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomi adalah tindakan membuat stoma atau lubang agar udara
dapat masuk ke paru-paru dengan memintas jalan nafas bagian atas (adams,
1997). Trakeostomi merupakan tindakan operatif yyang memiliki tujuan
membuat jalan nafas baru pada trakea dengan mebuat sayatan atau insisi
pada cincin trakea ke 2,3,4.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomi merupakan suatu prosedur operasi yang bertujuan untuk
membuat suatu jalan nafas didalam trakea servikal. Perbedaan kata – kata
yang dipergunakan dalam membedakan “ostomy” dan “otomy” tidak begitu
jelas dalam masalah ini, sebab lubang yang diciptakan cukup bervariasi
dalam ketetapan permanen atau tidaknya. Apabila kanula telah
ditempatkan, bukaan hasil pembedahan yang tidak dijahit dapat sembuh
dalam waktu satu minggu. Jika dilakukan dekanulasi (misalnya kanula
trakeostomi dilepaskan), lubang akan menutup dalam waktu yang kurang
lebih sama. Sudut luka dari trakea yang dibuka dapat dijahit pada kulit
dengan beberapa jahitan yang dapat diabsorbsi demi memfasilitasi
kanulasi dan, jika diperlukan, pada rekanulasi; alternatifnya stoma yang
permanen dapat dibuat dengan jahitan melingkar (<em>circumferential</em>).
Kata trakeostomi dipergunakan, dengan kesepakatan, untuk semua jenis
prosedur pembedahan ini. Perkataan tersebut dianggap sebagai sinonim<sup> </sup> dari trakeotomi.<sup> </sup></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.3 </strong><strong>Fungsi Trakeostomi</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Fungsi dari trakheostomi antara lain:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengurangi tahanan aliran udara pernafasan yang selanjutnya
mengurangi kekuatan yang diperlukan untuk memindahkan udara sehingga
mengakibatkan peningkatan regangan total dan ventilasi alveolus yang
lebih efektif. Asal lubang trakheostomi cukup besar (paling sedikit pipa
7)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Proteksi terhadap aspirasi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Memungkinkan pasien menelan tanpa reflek apnea, yang sangat penting pada pasien dengan gangguan pernafasan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Memungkinkan jalan masuk langsung ke trachea untuk pembersihan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Memungkinkan pemberian obat-obatan dan humidifikasi ke traktus respiratorius</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengurangi kekuatan batuk sehingga mencegah pemindahan secret ke
perifer oleh tekanan negative intra toraks yang tinggi pada fase
inspirasi batuk yang norma.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.4 </strong><strong>Indikasi dan kontraindikasi</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.4.1 Indikasi dari trakeostomi antara lain:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Terjadinya obstruksi jalan nafas atas</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Sekret pada bronkus yang tidak dapat dikeluarkan secara fisiologis, misalnya pada pasien dalam keadaan koma.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Untuk memasang alat bantu pernafasan (respirator).</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Apabila terdapat benda asing di subglotis</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Penyakit inflamasi yang menyumbat jalan nafas ( misal angina
ludwig), epiglotitis dan lesi vaskuler, neoplastik atau traumatik yang
timbul melalui mekanisme serupa</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Obstruksi laring</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">karena radang akut, misalnya pada laryngitis akut, laryngitis
difterika, laryngitis membranosa, laringo-trakheobronkhitis akut, dan
abses laring</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">karena radang kronis, misalnya perikondritis, neoplasma jinak dan
ganas, trauma laring, benda asing, spasme pita suara, dan paralise Nerus
Rekurens</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Sumbatan saluran napas atas karena kelainan kongenital, traumaeksterna dan interna, infeksi, tumor.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cedera parah pada wajah dan leher</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Setelah pembedahan wajah dan leher</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">10. Hilangnya refleks laring dan ketidakmampuan untuk menelan sehingga mengakibatkan resiko tinggi terjadinya aspirasi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">11. Penimbunan sekret di saluran pernafasan. Terjadi pada tetanus, trauma kapitis berat, <em>Cerebro Vascular Disease (CVD)</em>, keracunan obat, serta selama dan sesudah operasi laring</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.4.2 Kontraindikasi dari trakheostomi antara lain :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Infeksi pada tempat pemasangan, dan gangguan pembekuan darah yang tidak terkontrol, seperti hemofili.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.5 </strong><strong>Klasifikasi</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.5.1 Menurut letak insisinya, trakeostomi dibedakan menjadi</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomi elektif : Insisi horisontal </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomi emergensi : Insisi vertikal </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">2.5.2 Menurut waktu dilakukannya tindakan, trakeostomi dibedakan menjadi</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">trakeostomi darurat dan segera dengan persiapan sarana sangat kurang </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">trakeostomi berencana (persiapan sarana cukup) dan dapat dilakukan secara baik</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">2.4.3 Menurut lamanya pemasangan, trakheostomi dibagi menjadi</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tracheal stoma post laryngectomy: merupakan tracheostomy permanen.
Tracheal cartilage diarahkan kepermukaan kulit, dilekatkan pada leher.
Rigiditas cartilage mempertahankan stoma tetap terbuka sehingga tidak
diperlukan tracheostomy tube (canule).</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tracheal stoma without laryngectomy: merupakan tracheostomy
temporer. Trachea dan jalan nafas bagian atas masih intak tetapi
terdapat obstruksi. Digunakan tracheostomy tube (canule) terbuat dari
metal atau Non metal (terutama pada penderita yang sedang mendapat
radiasi dan selama pelaksanaan MRI Scanning)</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.6 </strong><strong>Penatalaksanaan</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.6.1 Jenis Tindakan Trakeostomi</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Surgical trakeostomy</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"> Tipe ini dapat sementara dan permanen dan dilakukan di
dalam ruang operasi. Insisi dibuat diantara cincin trakea kedua dan
ketiga sepanjang 4-5 cm.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Percutaneous Tracheostomy</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"> Tipe ini hanya bersifat sementara dan dilakukan pada unit
gawat darurat. Dilakukan pembuatan lubang diantara cincin trakea satu
dan dua atau dua dan tiga. Karena lubang yang dibuat lebih kecil, maka
penyembuhan lukanya akan lebih cepat dan tidak meninggalkan scar. Selain
itu, kejadian timbulnya infeksi juga jauh lebih kecil.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mini tracheostomy</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"> Dilakukan insisi pada pertengahan membran krikotiroid dan
trakeostomi mini ini dimasukan menggunakan kawat dan dilator.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.6.2 Jenis Pipa Trakeostomi</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cuffed Tubes</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Selang dilengkapi dengan balon yang dapat diatur sehingga memperkecil risiko timbulnya aspirasi.</span><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Uncuffed Tubes</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"> Digunakan pada tindakan trakeostomi dengan penderita yang tidak mempunyai risiko aspirasi.</span><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomi dua cabang (dengan kanul dalam)</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"> Dua bagian trakeostomi ini dapat dikembangkan dan dikempiskan
sehingga kanul dalam dapat dibersihkan dan diganti untuk mencegah
terjadi obstruksi</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Silver Negus Tubes</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"> Terdiri dua bagian pipa yang digunakan untuk trakeostomi jangka
panjang. Tidak perlu terlalu sering dibersihkan dan penderita dapat
merawat sendiri.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br />Fenestrated Tubes</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomi ini mempunyai bagian yang terbuka di sebelah
posteriornya, sehingga penderita masih tetap merasa bernafas melewati
hidungnya. Selain itu, bagian terbuka ini memungkinkan penderita untuk
dapat berbicara.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.6.3 Alat-Alat Trakeostomi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Alat yang diperlukan untuk melakukan trakeostomi adalah semprit yang
berisi obat analgesia, pisau, pinset anatomi, gunting panjang tumpul,
sepasang pengait tumpul, klem arteri, gunting kecil yang tajam serta
kanul trakea dengan ukuran sesuai.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.6.4 Teknik Trakeostomi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Pasien tidur terlentang, bahu diganjal dengan bantalan kecil sehingga
memudahkan kepala untuk diekstensikan pada persendian
atalantooksipital. Dengan posisi seperti ini leher akan lurus dan trakea
akan terletak di garis median dekat permukaan leher. Kulit leher
dibersihkan sesuai dengan prinsip aseptik dan antiseptik dan ditutup
dengan kain steril. Obat anestetikum disuntikkan di pertengahan krikoid
dengan fossa suprasternal secara infiltrasi. Sayatan kulit dapat
vertikal di garis tengah leher mulai dari bawah krikoid sampai fosa
suprasternal atau jika membuat sayatan horizontal dilakukan pada
pertengahan jarak antara kartilago krikoid dengan fosa suprasternal atau
kira-kira dua jari dari bawah krikoid orang dewasa. Sayatan jangan
terlalu sempit, dibuat kira-kira lima sentimeter.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Dengan gunting panjang yang tumpul kulit serta jaringan di bawahnya
dipisahkan lapis demi lapis dan ditarik ke lateral dengan pengait tumpul
sampai tampak trakea yang berupa pipa dengan susunan cincin tulang
rawan yang berwarna putih. Bila lapisan ini dan jaringan di bawahnya
dibuka tepat di tengah maka trakea ini mudah ditemukan. Pembuluh darah
yang tampak ditarik lateral. Ismuth tiroid yang ditemukan ditarik ke
atas supaya cincin trakea jelas terlihat. Jika tidak mungkin, ismuth
tiroid diklem pada dua tempat dan dipotong ditengahnya. Sebelum klem ini
dilepaskan ismuth tiroid diikat keda tepinya dan disisihkan ke lateral.
Perdarahan dihentikan dan jika perlu diikat. Lakukan aspirasi dengan
cara menusukkan jarum pada membran antara cincin trakea dan akan terasa
ringan waktu ditarik. Buat stoma dengan memotong cincin trakea ke tiga
dengan gunting yang tajam. Kemudian pasang kanul trakea dengan ukuran
yang sesuai. Kanul difiksasi dengan tali pada leher pasien dan luka
operasi ditutup dengan kasa.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Untuk menghindari terjadinya komplikasi perlu diperhatikan insisi
kulit jangan terlalu pendek agar tidak sukar mencari trakea dan mencegah
terjadinya emfisema kulit.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.7 </strong><strong>P</strong><strong>erawatan Trakeostomy</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.7.1. Perawatan trakeostomi meliputi:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">1. Pembersihan secret atau biasa disebut trakeobronkial toilet,</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2. Perawatan luka pada trakeostomi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">3. Perawatan anak kanul</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">4. Humidifikasi untuk menjaga kelembapan</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 2.7.2 Tujuan Perawatan Trakeostomi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 1. Untuk mencegah sumbatan pipa trakeostomi (Pluging)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 2. Untuk mencegah infeksi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 3. Meningkatkan fungsi pernafasan (ventilasi dan oksigenasi)</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 4. Bronkial toilet yang efektif</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 5. Mencegah pipa tercabut</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 2.7.3 Prosedur trakeobronkial Toilet</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Jelaskan prosedur pada klien & keluarga sebelum memulai dan berikan ketenangan selama pengisapan.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Siapkan alat – alat yang diperlukan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cuci tangan </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Hidupkan mesin suction (portable atau wall dengan tekanan sesuai kebutuhan)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Buka kit kateter pengisap</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Isi kom dengan normal salin</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ventilasi klien dengan bagian resusitasi manual dan aliran oksigen yang tinggi.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kenakan sarung tangan pada kedua tangan ( steril )</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ambil kateter pengisap dengan tangan non dominan dan hubungkan ke pengisap</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Masukkan selang kateter sampai pada karina tanpa memberikan isapan, untuk menstimulasi reflek batuk</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Beri isapan sambil menarik kateter, memutar kateter dengan perlahan
360 derajat tanpa menyentuh lapisan mucus saluran napas (lakukan
pengisapan maksimal 10-15 detik karena pasien dapat hipoksia)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Reoksigenasikan dan inflasikan paru pasien selama beberapa kali nafas</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ulangi 4 langkah sebelumnya sampai jalan nafas bersih.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bilas kateter dg normal salin antara tindakan pengisapan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Hisap kavitas orofaring setelah menyelesaikan pengisapan trakea</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bilas selang pengisap</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Buang kateter, sarung tangan ke dalam tempat pembuangan kotor.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.7.4 Prosedur Perawatan Luka Trakeostomy</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">a. Tujuan : Untuk mencegah infeksi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> b. Persipan Alat dan Bahan</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Pinset anatomis dan cirurgis</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Sarung tangan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Asa minimal 3</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kom/mangkuk kecil</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">NaCL 0.9%</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Gunting perban</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Antibiotik</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bengkok</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perlak</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">10. Tali trakeostomy</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> c. Persiapan Pasien</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">1. Pasien dberi tahu tentang tindakanyang akan dilaksanakan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2. Mengatur posisi yang nyaman</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Prosedur Kerja</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mencuci tangan dengan menggunakan sabun atau larutan anti septik </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pemasangan perlak</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pasang sarung tangan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Angkat kasa dari luka</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kaji kondisi luka</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bersihkan luka dengan NaCL 0,9 % dari pusat luka kea rah luar</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Keringkan luka dengan kasa steril yang lembut</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Berikan obats esuai indikasi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tutup luka dengan kasa steril dan paten (hindari luka dari serabut-serabut kasa)</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.7.5 Perawatan Anak Kanul</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">1. Perawatan Pasca Operasi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Adanya kanul di dalam trakea yang merupakan benda asing akan merangsang pengeluaran <em>discharge</em>. <em>Discharge</em> ini akan keluar bila penderita batuk, pada saat dilakukan pengisapan atau pada saat penggantian anul. Pengeluaran <em>discharge</em>
dengan jalan membatukkan pada penderita dengan trakeostomi tidak
seefektif pada rang normal, karena penderita tidak dapat menutup glotis
untuk menghimpun tekanan yang tinggi, sehingga perlu dilakukan
pengisapan. Beberapa jam pertama pasca bedah, dilakukan pengisapan <em>discharge</em> tiap 15 menit, elanjutnya tergantung pada banyaknya <em>discharge</em> dan keadaan penderita. Pengisapan <em>discharge</em> dilakukan dengan kateter pengisap yang steril dan <em>disposable</em>.
Pada saat pengisap dimasukkan ke dalam trakea, jangan diberi tekanan
negatif, begitu pula antara pengisapan harus diberi periode istirahat
agar udara paru tidak terlalu banyak terisap, dengan demikian <em>residual volume</em>
tidak banyak berkurang. Setelah ujung pengisap sampai di bronkus,
dilakukan pengisapan perlahan-lahan sambil memutar kanul pengisap. Jika
kanul trakea mempunyai kanul dalam, kanul dalamnya dikeluarkan terlebih
dahulu. Kanul dalam ini harus sering diangkat dan dibersihkan.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Lore (1973) menganjurkan memakai pengisap
terkecil yang dapat melakukan pengisapan dengan adekuat, sedang Feldman
dan Crawley (1971) memakai kateter pengisap steril dan non traumatik
yang penampangnya kurang dari separuh penampang trakea. Sebelum
melakukan pengisapan, sebaiknya penderita diberi oksigen selama 2-3
menit. Bila didapatkan sekret yang kental, teteskan larutan garam
fisiologis terlebih dahulu. Dengan adanya trakeostomi, fungsi
humidifikasi yang sebelumnya dilakukan oleh saluran napas bagian atas
menghilang. Untuk itu menggantikannya perlu dilakukan humidifikasi
buatan.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2. Perawatan Mandiri Pasca operasi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Pasca trakeostomi penderita akan diberi petunjuk oleh dokter atau
paramedis perihal erawatan kanul trakeostomi. Petunjuk untuk penderita
ini tergantung pada keadaan penderita saat dari rumah sakit.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Petunjuk umum </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Belajarlah merawat sendiri kanul trakeostomi atas tanggung jawab
sendiri. Jika tergantung pada seseorang saat melakukan hal itu, mungkin
akan bermasalah. Peralatan hendaknya tersedia setiap saat melakukan
perawatan kanul; lakukan setiap hari seperti menyikat gigi atau menyisir
rambut. Kulit sekitar kanul dipelihara kebersihannya dengan air sabun,
menggunakan lap atau kasa perban. Krusta diangkat dengan kapas aplikator
yang dimasukkan ke dalam perhidrol. Pastikan tidak ada air memasuki
stoma, dan hati-hati membersihkan kulit di sekitar kanul. Jika mengalami
kesulitan bernapas atau pernapasan menjadi berbunyi, mungkin telah
terdapat krusta atau mukus di dalam kanul. Angkatlah kanul dalam dan
bersihkan. Jika ditemukan krusta dari mukus tebal yang sering terbentuk
di dalam kanul, paling baik membersihkannya dengan memakai kasa basah di
atas kanul. Jika udara rumah kering, mungkin diperlukan pelembab (bukan
<em>vaporizer</em>).</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Membersihkan kanul dalam </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Alat yang perlu disediakan ialah botol kecil, kasa perban, penjepit,
panci bergagang, saringan, dan cairan penggosok perak. Cara membersihkan
kanul dalam, sebagai berikut:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 1). Buatlah larutan sabun di dalam botol.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 2). Angkat kanul dalam dengan cara pertama-tama putar kait kecil pengunci kanul dalam dan kemudian tarik kanul dalam ke luar.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">3). Cuci kanul dalam dengan air dingin dan kemudian rendam untuk beberapa menit di dalam cairan sabun.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">4). Bersihkan bagian dalam kanul dalam dengan kasa yang salah satu
ujungnya diikatkan pada suatu tempat (Gb. 1). Gunakan penjepit untuk
membantu menarik kasa melalui kanul. Tarik kanul dalam ke belakang, ke
depan dan seterusnya sekeliling kasa yang diikatkan sampai bagian dalam
kanul dalam bersih.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 5). Setelah kanul dalam bersih, cuci dengan baik memakai air dingin yang mengalir.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">6). Jika kanul dari perak telah memudar, rendam di dalam cairan
pembersih perak untuk beberapa menit, kemudian bersihkan dan cuci.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">7). Goyangkan kanul dalam untuk mengangkat tetesan air. Masukkan
kanul dalam ke tempatnya dan putar kait kecil pengunci untuk mengunci
pada tempatnya.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">8). Minimal sekali sehari didihkan kanul dalam setelah dibersihkan.</span><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Merebus kanul dalam </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Tahapan untuk merebus kanul dalam ialah :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 1). Tempatkan kanul dalam bersih pada saringan dan tempatkan saringan pada panci tergagang</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2). Isi panci dengan air secukupnya untuk merendam kanul dalam</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">3). Setelah air mendidih, didihkan kanul dalam selama 5 menit.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">4). Angkat saringan dari panci bergagang, tuangkan air dari panci, dan tempatkan kembali saringan dalam panci.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">5). Biarkan kanul dalam dingin untuk beberapa menit sebelum dimasukkan ke dalam kanul luar</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Logam bahan pada kanul perak sangat lunak, oleh karena itu dapat
tergores atau bengkok dengan mudah, oleh karena itu tidak boleh dicoba
untuk digores; krusta dapat diangkat dengan merendamnya. Tidak boleh
digunakan penggosok kasar untuk membersihkan kanul dalam. Biasanya,
kanul dalam dan luar dibuat secara spesifik agar cocok satu dengan yang
lain, bahkan kanul dalam tidak akan saling tertukar dengan yang lain.
Kanul plastik dapat dibersihkan dan dididihkan dengan cara yang sama
seperti halnya kanul perak.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cara mengganti kanul trakeostomi </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Petunjuk khusus dari dokter dan perawat diperlukan sebelum penderita
mengganti kanul trakeostominya. Adanya lubang pada anterior leher yang
secara langsung berhubungan dengan trakea, menyebabkan kanul trakeostomi
dapat dimasukkan dengan mudah. Untuk mengangkat kanul trakeostomi, pita
trakeostomi dibuka lebih dahulu, pelindung atau permukaan lempeng kanul
trakeostomi dipegang dengan ibu jari dan jari telunjuk, kemudian
ditarik ke arah anterior dan posterior. Kanul harus bersih dengan pita
trakeostomi telah terpasang, dan siap untuk dimasukkan sebelum
pengangkatan kanul trakeostomi. Salep dioleskan sangat tipis pada
permukaan luar kanul rakeostomi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">untuk mempermudah memasukkannya. Pita trakeostomi yang digunakan pada kanul dapat satu atau dua untai.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Pada saat memasukkan kanul trakeostomi, penderita melihatnya melalui
cermin dan pegang tiap sisi lempeng permukaan kanul dengan ibu jari dan
jari telunjuk. Kanul trakeostomi akan eluncur ke dalam dengan tekanan ke
arah dalam secara halus. Di samping itu, hal yang penting ialah bahwa
kanul dimasukkan segera setelah kotoran yang melekat pada kanul
dibersihkan. Setelah kanul trakeostomi terpasang di tempatnya dan pita
trakeostomi diikat, tempatkan kasa di atas kanul.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cara menghisap </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Banyaknya <em>discharge</em> mukus bervariasi. Mukus ini akan
meningkat jumlahnya jika penderita dingin, jika udara dalam rumah
kering, atau jika kanul teriritasi. Penghisapan mungkin diperlukan untuk
mengontrol mukus. Mesin penghisap yang mudah dibawa dapat dipinjam dari
rumah sakit dengan petunjuk penggunaannya. Kateter karet tidak boleh
dimasukkan sampai melewati ujung dalam kanul trakeostomi, kecuali jika
ada instruksi khusus untuk melakukannya dari dokter. Jika mesin
penghisap tidak didapat, semprit steril atau kateter yang dapat dibeli
di toko obat atau apotik bisa digunakan sebagai penghisap.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Cara melakukan :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">1). Siapkan alat-alat.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 2). Pegang kateter dengan salah satu tangan dan balon karet pada semprit dengan tangan yang lain.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">3). Tekan balon karet sebelum kateter dimasukkan ke dalam kanul trakeostomi, untuk mengeluarkan udara di dalamnya.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 4). Lepaskan balon karet, mukus akan terhisap ke dalam kateter dan semprit.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 5). Bersihkan alat-alat dengan air sabun. Peralatan tersebut sering dididihkan untuk memelihara kebersihannya</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.7.6 Humidifikasi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Humidifikasi adalah proses penambahan air ke dalam gas. Suhu
adalah factor yang paling penting dalam mempengaruhi jumlah uap air yang
dapat dikandung gas. Presentase air dalam gas, terkait dengan
kapasitasnya untuk mengangkut air, merupakan klembaban relative. Udara
atau oksigen dengan kelembaban relative yang tinggimembuat jalan nafas
tetap lembab dan membantu melepaskan sekresi dan dikeluarkan dari paru.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Humidifikasi diperlukan bagi klien yang menerima terapi oksigen.
Oksigen yang dimasukkan kedalam jalan nafas bagian atas dapat
dilembabkan dengan menginsersi kateter ke dlaam air sehingga
menghasilkan udara(bubbling). Umumnya humdifikasi ditambahkan saat
kecepatan aliran oksigen melebihi 4L/menit.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Untuk pemasangan alat pelembab, hal yang perlu diperhatikan perawat
adalah memastikan bahwa alat tersebut menggunakan salin steril untuk
inhalasi dan bahwa larutan diganti sesuai prosedur. Humidifikasi dapat
menjadi sumber infeksi nosokomial pada klien karena lingkungan yang
lembab mendukung prtumbuhan mikroorganisme patogen.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Dengan adanya <strong>trakeostomi</strong>, fungsi humidifikasi yang
sebelumnya dilakukan oleh saluran napas bagian atas menghilang. Untuk
itu menggantikannya perlu dilakukan humidifikasi buatan. Cara-cara untuk
humidifikasi udara inspirasi di antaranya ialah:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">a). <em>Condensor humidifier</em>. Alat ini dipasang pada <strong>kanul</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">trakea. Pada waktu ekspirasi, uap air mengembun pada lempeng-lempeng
metal dari kondensor. Kekurangan alat ini ialah jika terjadi penimbunan <em>discharge</em> pada alat tersebut fungsinya akan berkurang. Alat ini harus diganti setiap 3 jam.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">b). Dengan melewatkan udara inspirasi melalui reservoir berisi air
yang secara teratur dipanaskan dengan termostat. Alat ini relatif
lebih efisien. Bila penderita bernafas spontan, campuran gas ditiupkan
melalui suatu <em>T-piece</em> atau melalui kotak plastik yang dilubangi.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">c). Dengan menambahkan tetesan-tetesan air yang halus pada udara
inspirasi. Efektifitas tetesan ini tergantung pada jumlah tetesan dan
kelembaban relatif udara inspirasi.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">d). Secara sederhana humidifikasi dapat dikerjakan dengan menaruh lembaran kasa yang telah dibasahi di depan mulut <strong>kanul</strong>. Kasa tersebut diikatkan pada leher dan harus diganti sesering mungkin</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.8 </strong><strong> Komplikasi</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.8.1 Waktu tindakan operasi</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perdarahan </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cardiac arrest</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perforasi </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Emboli udara</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ruptur pleura servikalis</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Apneu</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Sumbatan darah / sekret</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">2.8.2 Setelah operasi</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Infeksi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Perdarahan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Sumbatan kanul</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pergeseran stenosis </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pembentukan jar. granulasi </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Aspirasi, atelektasis</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pneumotoraks</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pipa trakeostomi tercabut</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Emfisema subkutis</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.8.3 </strong><strong>Komplikas</strong><strong>i Jangka panjang</strong><strong> </strong></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Obstruksi jalan nafas atas</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Infeksi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Fistula trakeoesofagus</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Stenosis trakea</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Iskemia atau nekrosis trakea</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.9 </strong><strong>Indikasi Pelepasan Trakeostomi</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Indikasi utama pelepasan trakeostomi adalah jika klien menunjukkan
kondisi atau kemampuan paru yang adekuat. Kondisi paru yang membaik
ditandai dengan :</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Hasil rontgen baik, tidak terdapat bercak putih pada paru.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Gejala klinis penyakit yang diderita klien berkurang atau tidak ada.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tidak terdapat infeksi lanjutan.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tanda-tanda vital klien normal.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.10 </strong><strong>WOC</strong><strong> </strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong> download : <a href="http://web.unair.ac.id/admin/file/f_13693_woc-askep-trakeeostomi.docx">WOC TRAKEOSTOMI</a></strong></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>BAB III</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</strong></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.1 </strong><strong>Pengkajian</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Tuan A umur 45 thaun sehari-hari bekerja sebagai nelayan, didiagnosa
Ca Nasofaring stadium 2. Dua hari tealah terpasang trakeostomy, keluhan
saat ini sesak dan gelisah serta terlihat menarik diri dari interaksi
sosial.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Askep kasus:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Pengkajian</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Anamnesa:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 1. Identitas pasien</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Nama : Tuan A</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">TTL : Surabaya , 19-06-1965</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Alamat : Jl. Cucut 76</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Usia : 45 Tahun</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Jenis Kelamin : Laki-laki</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pekerjaan : nelayan </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Nama Ayah/Ibu : Mr. M / Mrs. W</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pekerjaan Istri : buruh cuci </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Agama : Islam </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Suku bangsa : Jawa</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pendidikan terakhir : SD</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Diagnosa : Ca. Nasofaring</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 2. Keluhan Utama :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Keluhan utama yang di rasakan sesak dan gelisah</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">3. Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Tuan A merasakan sesak, merasa malu saat menemui orang lain karena tidak berbicara dengan normal.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">4. Riwayat penyakit keluarga : -</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">5. Riwayat penyakit masa lalu : -</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Pemeriksaan Fisik:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">B1 (Breath) : kesulitan bernafas, batuk (mungkin gejala yang ada), riwayat trauma dada </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">B2 (Blood) : takikardia, frekuensi tak teratur. TD hiper/hipotensi </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">B3 (Brain) : dizziness, cemas</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">B4 (Bladder) : -</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">B5 (Bowel) : nafsu makan turun, BB turun, Pasien lemah</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">B6 (Bone): malaise</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Pemeriksaan focus klien dengan trakeostomy :</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tanda-tanda vital</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bukti adanya hipoksia</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Frekuensi dan pola pernafasan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bunyi nafas</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Status neurologis</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Volume tidal, ventilasi semenit, kapasitas vital kuat</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kebutuhan pengisapan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Upaya ventilasi spontan klien</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Status nutrisi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Status psikologis</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Pemeriksaan Diagnostik yang perlu dilakukan pada klien dengan trakeostomi yaitu :</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pemeriksaan fungsi paru</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Analisa gas darah arteri</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kapasitas vital paru</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kapasitas vital kuat</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Volume tidal</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Inspirasi negative kuat</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ventilasi semenit</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tekanan inspirasi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Volume ekspirasi kuat</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Aliran-volume</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Sinar X dada</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Status nutrisi / elektrolit.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.2 Analisa Data</strong><strong> </strong></span><br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Data</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Etiologi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Masalah</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">DS:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DO: RR menurun, pola nafas tidak teratur, pucat, ketidaknormalan
frekuensi, irama dan kedalaman nafas, hipoksia, tachycardia, tekanan
O2 dan CO2 menurun. Pada lapangan paru bawah bilateral terdapat
bercak-bercak nodular</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomy</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Akumulasi secret pada jalan jalan nafas yang menjadi daerah insisi trakeostomy</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Jalan nafas terganggu</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Bersihan jalan nafas tidak efektif</span><br />
<br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Bersihan jalan nafas tidak efektif</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">DS :</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DO : klien terpasang trakeostomi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomy</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">insisi trakeostomy</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">kondisi daerah insisi yang tidak bersih</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">kuman, bakteri berkembang</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">resiko infeksi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Resiko infeksi</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">DS : Klien tidak bisa mengeluarkan suaranya saat mencoba bicara</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DO: suara klien tidak terdengar. Hanya terdengar suara hembusan. Klien berkomunikasi dengan isyarat</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomy</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Daerah insisi trakeostomy</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Membuka saluran baru yang dilalui udara sebelum pita suara</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Suara yang dihasilkan tidak bisa sampai menggetarkan pita suara</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Suara tidak keluar</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;">Gangguan komunikasi verbal</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Gangguan komunikasi verbal</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">DS : -</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">DO: klien menjadi sangat murung, pendiam dan terlihat membatasi diri</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomy</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Gangguan komunikasi dengan orang lain</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Merasa berbeda dengan orang lain</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Rendah diri</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Gangguan citra tubuh</span><br />
<br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="205">
<span style="color: blue;">Gangguan citra tubuh</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Diagnosa</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bersihan jalan nafas tidak efektif berhubungan dengan akumulasi sekret</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Tujuan : Tidak ada sekret pada jalan nafas</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kriteria hasil : Ronchi dan wheezing tidak terdengar</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">
<span style="color: blue;">Rasional</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319"><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengauskultasi paru setiap 4 jam</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Menganjurkan klien untuk tarik nafas dalam dan batuk</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Melakukan fisioterapi nafas jika tidak ada kontraindikasi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Membersihkan trakheostomy tube klien sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Berdasarkan jumlah akumulasi secret</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Melakukan suctioning bila perlu</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Melakukan nebulizing</span></li>
</ol>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Jika ditemukan crackles dan wheezing dapat mengintrepretasikan adanya sekret pada jalan nafas</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pasien dapat mengeluarkan sekret dengan tarik nafas dalam dan batuk tanpa suctioning</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Untuk membantu pasien mengeluarkan sekret dengan batuk</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Dengan membersihkan trakheostomy, menghindari terjadinya penumpukan sekret dan agar jalan nafas bersih</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Suctioning membersihkan jalan nafas dari sekret</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Nebulizer membantu untuk mengencerkan secret sehingga lebih mudah untuk dikeluarkan</span></li>
</ol>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Resiko infeksi berhubungan dengan pembuatan saluran nafas baru dari mekanisme pertahanan respirasi.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Tujuan : Memperkecil adanya infeksi sehingga kemungkinan komplikasi tidak ada</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kriteria hasil : Tidak ada tanda-tanda infeksi</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">
<span style="color: blue;">Rasional</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319"><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Cuci tangan sebelum melakukan prosedur</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Monitor dan laporkan adanya tanda-tanda infeksi, misalnya demam,
penurunan RR (Respiratory Rate), dahak kental, peningkatan jumlah sel
darah merah</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Jaga pemaparan trakheostomy terhadap benda asing</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Gunakan teknik steril dalam melakukan perawatan trakheostomi dan suctioning</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Anjurkan untuk diet tinggi kalori tinggi protein</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Dengan tangan yang bersih saat melakukan prosedur, memperkecil kemungkinan terjadinya infeksi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Mengidentifikasi adanya infeksi dan memperkecil komplikasi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pemaparan terlalu sering pada trakheostomy mengakibatkan pneumonia</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Agar mikroorganisme tidak dapat masuk ke jalan nafas</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Untuk meningkatkan sistem imun</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Gangguan komunikasi verbal berhubungan dengan terpasangnya trakheostomy tube</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Tujuan : Klien mampu berkomunikasi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kriteria hasil : Interaksi sosial klien berkembang</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi</span><br />
</td>
<td width="319">
<span style="color: blue;">Rasional</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319"><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Beri kesempatan klien untuk berkomunikasi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Amati gerak non verbal klien</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Sediakan kertas dan bolpoin jika pasien lemah tidak mampu berbicara banyak</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Ajarkan pada pasien yang terpasang trakheostomi tentang cara
menutup lubang trakheostomi dengan jari yang bersih atau tutup yang
khusus jika ingin berbicara</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Memberikan klien untuk mengungkapkan apa yang klien butuhkan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Gerak non verbal mengintepretasikan perasaan klien</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pasien bisa berkomunikasi dengan menulis di kertas jika lemah</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Menutup jalur masuknya udara melalui trakheostomi maka pasien dapat berbicara</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Gangguan citra tubuh berhubungan dengan terpasangnya trakheostomy tube</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">Tujuan : Mengembalikan kepercayaan diri klien</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kriteria hasil : Klian tidak lagi merasa harga dirinya rendah</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319">
<span style="color: blue;">Intervensi</span><br />
</td>
<td valign="top" width="319">
<span style="color: blue;">Rasional</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="319"><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kaji perasaan klien terhadap trakheostomi yang terpasang pada dirinya</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Dekati pasien dengan komunikasi teraupetik</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Minta pasien untuk mengungkapkan perasaannya saat dipasang trakheostomi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Bantu pasien untuk menemukan cara yang efektif untuk mengatasi penampilan trakheostomi agar tidak mengganggu pandangan</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pengkajian adalah hal dasar sebelum menentukan perawatan</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Untuk meningkatkan sikap kooperatif klien</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Untuk mengetahui masalah yang dialami klien agar mudah menemukan solusi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Dapat meningkatkan harga diri pasien</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="319"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>BAB</strong><strong> II</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>PENUTUP</strong></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>4.1 </strong><strong>Kesimpulan</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Trakeostomi merupakan suatu prosedur operasi yang bertujuan untuk
membuat suatu jalan nafas didalam trakea servikal. Perbedaan kata – kata
yang dipergunakan dalam membedakan “ostomy” dan “otomy” tidak begitu
jelas dalam masalah ini, sebab lubang yang diciptakan cukup bervariasi
dalam ketetapan permanen atau tidaknya.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Terdapat 2 macam tracheostomy</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tracheal stoma post laryngectomy: merupakan tracheostomy permanen.
Tracheal cartilage diarahkan kepermukaan kulit, dilekatkan pada leher.
Rigiditas cartilage mempertahankan stoma tetap terbuka sehingga tidak
diperlukan tracheostomy tube (canule).</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Tracheal stoma without laryngectomy: merupakan tracheostomy
temporer. Trachea dan jalan nafas bagian atas masih intak tetapi
terdapat obstruksi. Digunakan tracheostomy tube (canule) terbuat dari
metal atau Non metal (terutama pada penderita yang sedang mendapat
radiasi dan selama</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>4.2 </strong><strong>Saran</strong><strong> </strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Setelah membaca makalah kami ini, kami berharap kepada pembaca,
khususnya pada mahasiswa keperawatan dapat lebih memahami lebih dalam
mengenai pemasangan trakeostomy.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</strong></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Somantri, Irman. Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Asuhan Keperawatan pada
Pasien dengan Gangguan Sistem Pernapasan. 2008. Jakarta : Salemba
Medika.</span><br />
<div class="NoSpacingChar">
<span style="color: blue;">Doenges, dkk. Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan. 2000. Jakarta : EGC</span></div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-31932068382788060812013-04-22T23:40:00.003-07:002013-04-22T23:40:58.609-07:00Askep Imunisasi<span style="color: blue;">2.1 Konsep Dasar Imunisasi<br />
Imunisasi adalah pemberian kekebalan tubuh terhadap suatu penyakit
dengan memasukkan sesuatu ke dalam tubuh agar tubuh tahan terhadap
penyakit yang sedang mewabah atau berbahaya bagi seseorang. Imunisasi
berasal dari kata imun yang berarti kebal atau resisten. Imunisasi
terhadap suatu penyakit hanya akan memberikan kekebalan atau resistensi
pada penyakit itu saja, sehingga untuk terhindar dari penyakit lain
diperlukan imunisasi lainnya.<br />
Imunisasi biasanya lebih fokus diberikan kepada anak-anak karena sistem
kekebalan tubuh mereka masih belum sebaik orang dewasa, sehingga rentan
terhadap serangan penyakit berbahaya. Imunisasi tidak cukup hanya
dilakukan satu kali, tetapi harus dilakukan secara bertahap dan lengkap
terhadap berbagai penyakit yang sangat membahayakan kesehatan dan hidup
anak.<br />
Tujuan dari diberikannya suatu imunitas dari imunisasi adalah untuk
mengurangi angka penderita suatu penyakit yang sangat membahayakan
kesehatan bahkan bisa menyebabkan kematian pada penderitanya. Beberapa
penyakit yang dapat dihindari dengan imunisasi yaitu seperti hepatitis
B, campak, polio, difteri, tetanus, batuk rejan, gondongan, cacar air,
tbc, dan lain sebagainya.<br />
Macam-macam imunisasi ada dua macam:<br />
Imunitas Aktif : Didapat secara alami : Tubuh anak akan membuat
sendiri anti bodi setelah diberi suntikan antigen, kekebalan yang
didapat akan bertahan selama bertahun- tahun.<br />
Imunitas Pasif :Tubuh tidak membuat sendiri anti boodi tetapi
mendapatkannya dengan cara penyuntikan serum yang telah mengandung anti
bodi, kekebalan yang diperoleh biasanya akan berlangsung selama 1-2
bulan<br />
Efek samping<br />
- Reaksi atopik : terjadi beberapa menit- beberapa jam (Shock, gatal
diseluruh tubuh, pucat, sianosis, kejang- kejang, kematian ).<br />
- Serum Sicknes : terjadi + 6- 24 hari<br />
Gejala <img alt=":P" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s2.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_razz.gif?m=1129645325g" /> anas, urtikaria pada daerah glotis</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.2 Jenis , Cara Pemberian Dan Tempat Imunisasi<br />
1. Imunisasi BCG<br />
Vaksin BCG tidak dapat mencegah seseorang terhindar dari infeksi M.
tuberculosa 100%, tapi dapat mencegah penyebaran penyakit lebih lanjut,
Berasal dari bakteri hidup yang dilemahkan ( Pasteur Paris 1173 P2),
Ditemukan oleh Calmette dan Guerin.<br />
• Diberikan sebelum usia 2 bulan Disuntikkan intra kutan di daerah insertio m. deltoid dengan dosis 0,05 ml, sebelah kanan<br />
• Imunisasi ulang tidak perlu, keberhasilan diragukan<br />
Vaksin BCG berbentuk bubuk kering harus dilarutkan dengan 4 cc NaCl
0,9%. Setelah dilarutkan harus segera dipakai dalam waktu 3 jam, sisanya
dibuang. Penyimpanan pada suhu < 5°C terhindar dari sinar matahari
(indoor day-light).<br />
Cara penyuntikan BCG<br />
• Bersihkan lengan dengan kapas air<br />
• Letakkan jarum hampir sejajar dengan lengan anak dengan ujung jarum yang berlubang menghadap keatas.<br />
• Suntikan 0,05 ml intra kutan<br />
• merasakan tahan<br />
• benjolan kulit yang pucat dengan pori- pori yang khas diameter 4-6 mm<br />
2. Imunisasi Hepatitis B<br />
• Vaksin berisi HBsAg murni<br />
• Diberikan sedini mungkin setelah lahir<br />
• Suntikan secara Intra Muskular di daerah deltoid, dosis 0,5 ml.<br />
• Penyimpanan vaksin pada suhu 2-8°C<br />
• Bayi lahir dari ibu HBsAg (+) diberikan imunoglobulin hepatitis B 12 jam setelah lahir + imunisasi Hepatitis B<br />
• Dosis kedua 1 bulan berikutnya<br />
• Dosis ketiga 5 bulan berikutnya (usia 6 bulan)<br />
• Imunisasi ulangan 5 tahun kemudian<br />
• Kadar pencegahan anti HBsAg > 10mg/ml<br />
3. Imunisasi Polio<br />
Vaksin dari virus polio (tipe 1,2 dan 3) yang dilemahkan, dibuat dlm
biakan sel-vero : asam amino, antibiotik, calf serum dalam magnesium
klorida dan fenol merah<br />
Vaksin berbentuk cairan dengan kemasan 1 cc atau 2 cc dalam flacon, pipet.<br />
Pemberian secara oral sebanyak 2 tetes (0,1 ml)<br />
Vaksin polio diberikan 4 kali, interval 4 minggu<br />
Imunisasi ulangan, 1 tahun berikutnya, SD kelas I, VI<br />
Anak diare akibat gangguan penyerapan vaksin.<br />
Ada 2 jenis vaksin<br />
• IPV salk<br />
• OPV sabin IgA lokal<br />
Penyimpanan pada suhu 2-8°C<br />
Virus vaksin bertendensi mutasi di kultur jaringan maupun tubuh penerima vaksin<br />
Beberap virus diekskresi mengalami mutasi balik menjadi virus polio ganas yang neurovirulen<br />
4. Imunisasi DPT<br />
Terdiri dari<br />
• toxoid difteri yaitu racun yang dilemahkan<br />
• Bordittela pertusis yaitu bakteri yang dilemahkan<br />
• toxoid tetanus yaitu racun yang dilemahkan (+) aluminium fosfat dan mertiolat<br />
• Merupakan vaksin cair. Jika didiamkan sedikit berkabut, endapan putih didasarnya<br />
• Diberikan pada bayi > 2 bulan oleh karena reaktogenitas pertusis pada bayi kecil.<br />
• Dosis 0,5 ml secara intra muskular di bagian luar paha.<br />
• Imunisasi dasar 3x, dengan interval 4 minggu.<br />
• Vaksin mengandung Aluminium fosfat, jika diberikan sub kutan menyebabkan iritasi lokal, peradangan dan nekrosis setempat.<br />
5. Imunisasi Campak<br />
Vaksin dari virus hidup (CAM 70- chick chorioallantonik membrane) yang
dilemahkan + kanamisin sulfat dan eritromisin Berbentuk beku kering,
dilarutkan dalam 5 cc pelarut aquades.<br />
• Diberikan pada bayi umur 9 bulan oleh karena masih ada antibodi yang diperoleh dari ibu.<br />
• Dosis 0,5 ml diberikan sub kutan di lengan kiri.<br />
• Disimpan pada suhu 2-8°C, bisa sampai – 20 derajat celsius<br />
• Vaksin yang telah dilarutkan hanya tahan 8 jam pada suhu 2-8°C<br />
• Jika ada wabah, imunisasi bisa diberikan pada usia 6 bulan, diulang 6 bulan kemudian<br />
6. Imunisasi HIB<br />
• Untuk mencegah infeksi SSP oleh karena Haemofilus influenza tipe B<br />
• Diberikan MULAI umur 2-4 bulan, pada anak > 1 tahun diberikan 1 kali<br />
• Vaksin dalam bentuk beku kering dan 0,5 ml pelarut dalam semprit.<br />
• Dosis 0,5 ml diberikan IM<br />
• Disimpan pada suhu 2-8°C<br />
7. Imunisasi MMR<br />
Merupakan vaksin hidup yang dilemahkan terdiri dari:<br />
• Measles strain moraten (campak)<br />
• Mumps strain Jeryl lynn (parotitis)<br />
• Rubela strain RA (campak jerman)<br />
• Diberikan pada umur 15 bulan. Ulangan umur 12 tahun<br />
• Dosis 0,5 ml secara sub kutan, diberikan minimal 1 bulan setelah suntikan imunisasi lain.<br />
8. Imunisasi Typhus<br />
Tersedia 2 jenis vaksin:<br />
• suntikan (typhim) ® >2 tahun<br />
Typhim (Capsular Vi polysaccharide-Typherix) diberikan dengan dosis 0,5 ml secara IM. Ulangan dilakukan setiap 3 tahun.<br />
Disimpan pada suhu 2-8°C<br />
Tidak mencegah Salmonella paratyphi A atau B<br />
Imunitas terjadi dalam waktu 15 hari sampai 3 minggu setelah imunisasi<br />
• oral (vivotif) ® > 6 tahun, 3 dosis<br />
9. Imunisasi Varicella<br />
Vaksin varicella (vaRiLrix) berisi virus hidup strain OKA yang
dilemahkan. Bisa diberikan pada umur 1 tahun, ulangan umur 12 tahun.
Vaksin diberikan secara sub kutan Penyimpanan pada suhu 2-8°C.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">10. Imunisasi Hepatitis A<br />
Imunisasi diberikan pada daerah kurang terpajan, pada anak umur > 2
tahun. Imunisasi dasar 3x pada bulan ke 0, 1, dan 6 bulan kemudian.
Dosis vaksin (Harvix-inactivated virus strain HM 175) 0,5 ml secara IM
di daerah deltoid. Reaksi yag terjadi minimal kadang demam, lesu, lelah,
mual-muntah dan hialng nafsu makan.<br />
11. Vaksin Combo<br />
Gabungan beberapa antigen tunggal menjadi satu jenis produk antigen
untuk mencegah penyakit yang berbeda, misal DPT + hepatitis B +HiB atau
Gabungan beberapa antigen dari galur multipel yg berasal dari organisme
penyakit yang sama, misal: OPV<br />
Tujuan pemberian<br />
• Jumlah suntikan kurang<br />
• Jumlah kunjungan kurang<br />
• Lebih praktis, compliance dan cakupan naik<br />
• Penambahan program imunisasi baru mudah<br />
• Imunisasi terlambat mudah dikejar<br />
• Biaya lebih murah</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.3 Penyimpanan Vaksin<br />
Penyelenggaraan program imunisasi di Indonesia telah terbukti efektif
antara lain dengan terbasminya penyakit cacar, dimana Indonesia
dinyatakan bebas cacar sejak tahun 1974. Dalam penyelenggaraan program
imunisasi dibutuhkan dukungan vaksin, alat suntik dan rantai dingin
(cold chain) agar kualitas vaksinasi sesuai dengan standar guna
menumbuhkan imunitas yang optimal bagi sasaran imunisasi.<br />
Penyelenggaraan program imunisasi di Indonesia telah terbukti efektif
antara lain dengan terbasminya penyakit cacar, dimana Indonesia
dinyatakan bebas cacar sejak tahun 1974. Dalam penyelenggaraan program
imunisasi dibutuhkan dukungan vaksin, alat suntik dan rantai dingin
(cold chain) agar kualitas vaksinasi sesuai dengan standar guna
menumbuhkan imunitas yang optimal bagi sasaran imunisasi.<br />
Vaksin adalah suatu produk biologis yang terbuat dari kuman, komponen
kuman, atau racun kuman yang telah dilemahkan atau dimatikan yang
berguna untuk merangsang timbulnya kekebalan tubuh seseorang. Bila
vaksin diberikan kepada seseorang, akan menimbulkan kekebalan spesifik
secara aktif terhadap penyakit tertentu.<br />
Sebagai produk biologis, vaksin memiliki karakteristik tertentu dan
memerlukan penanganan yang khusus sejak diproduksi di pabrik hingga
dipakai di unit pelayanan. Suhu yang baik untuk semua jenis vaksin
adalah + 2 ºC s/d + 8 ºC.<br />
Penyimpangan dari ketentuan yang ada dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan
vaksin sehingga menurunkan atau menghilangkan potensinya bahkan bila
diberikan kepada sasaran dapat menimbulkan kejadian ikutan pasca
imunisasi (KIPI) yang tidak diinginkan. Kerusakan vaksin dapat
mengakibatkan kerugian sumber daya yang tidak sedikit, baik dalam bentuk
biaya vaksin, maupun biaya-biaya lain yang terpaksa dikeluarkan guna
menanggulangi masalah KIPI atau kejadian luar biasa.<br />
Selama ini masih banyak petugas kesehatan yang beranggapan bahwa bila
ada pendingin maka vaksin sudah aman, malahan ada yang berfikir kalau
makin dingin maka vaksin makin baik. Pendapat itu perlu diluruskan!
Semua vaksin akan rusak bila terpapar panas atau terkena sinar matahari
langsung. Tetapi beberapa vaksin juga tidak tahan terhadap pembekuan,
bahkan dapat rusak secara permanen dalam waktu yang lebih singkat
dibandingkan bila vaksin terpapar panas.<br />
Berdasarkan sensitivitas terhadap suhu, penggolongan vaksin adalah sebagai berikut:<br />
a. Vaksin sensitive beku (Freeze sensitive = FS), adalah golongan vaksin
yang akan rusak terhadap suhu dingin dibawah 0ºC (beku) yaitu:
Hepatitis B, DPT, DPT-HB, DT, TT<br />
b. Vaksin sensitive panas (Heat Sensitive = HS), adalah golongan vaksin
yang akan rusak terhadap paparan panas yang berlebih yaitu: BCG, Polio,
Campak.<br />
Pemantauan suhu vaksin sangat penting dalam menetapkan secara cepat
apakah vaksin masih layak digunakan atau tidak. Untuk membantu petugas
dalam memantau suhu penyimpanan dan pengiriman vaksin ini, ada berbagai
alat dengan indikator yang sangat peka seperti Vaccine Vial Monitor
(VVM), Freeze watch atau Freezetag serta Time Temperatur Monitor (TTM).<br />
Dengan menggunakan alat pantau ini, dalam berbagai studi diketahui bahwa
telah terjadi berbagai kasus paparan terhadap suhu beku pada vaksin
yang peka terhadap pembekuan seperti Hepatitis B, DPT dan TT. Dengan
adanya temuan ini maka telah dilakukan penyesuaian pengelolaan vaksin
untuk mencegah pembekuan vaksin.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kerusakan Vaksin Terhadap Suhu<br />
Suhu tempat penyimpanan yang tidak tepat akan menimbulkan kerusakan
vaksin. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari keterangan seperti pada tabel di
bawah ini:<br />
Vaksin Sensitif Beku<br />
a. Suhu terlalu dingin<br />
Pada vaksin Hepatitis B, DPT-HB di suhu – 0,5 ºC dapat bertahan selama
maksimum ½ jam dan DPT, DT, TT pada suhu – 5 ºC S/D -10 ºC dapat
bertahan selama maksimum 1,5 – 2 jam.<br />
b. Suhu terlalu panas<br />
Sedangkan vaksin DPT, DPT-HB, DT pada suhu beberapa ºC diatas suhu udara
luar (ambient temperature < 34 ºC) dapat bertahan 14 hari sedangkan
Hepatitis B dan TT dapat bertahan 30 hari.<br />
Vaksin Sensitif Panas<br />
Sementara Poliobeberapa ºC diatas suhu udara luar (ambient temperature
< 34 ºC) dapat bertahan selama 2 hari sedangkan Campak dan BCG
beberapa ºC diatas suhu udara luar dapat bertahan 7 hari.<br />
Terlihat bahwa rusaknya vaksin sensitif beku akibat terpapar suhu
terlalu dingin, jauh lebih cepat daripada rusaknya vaksin sensitif panas
akibat terpapar suhu terlalu panas. Oleh karena itu tidak mengherankan
bila lebih banyak vaksin yang rusak akibat terpapar suhu terlalu dingin
dibandingkan terpapar suhu terlalu panas.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Beberapa Catatan Penting<br />
Paparan panas secara kumulatif akan mengurangi umur dan potensi semua
jenis vaksin. Untuk memantau hal tersebut dipergunakan alat pemantau
suhu panas Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) dimana untuk vaksin dari
Departeman Kesehatan RI sudah ditempelkan pada semua kemasan vaksin
kecuali BCG. Alat ini berupa gambar lingkaran berwarna ungu dengan segi
empat didalamnya yang berwarna putih pada VVM A.<br />
Dengan pengaruh panas akan berubah menjadi VVM B dimana segi empat sudah
berwarna ungu muda, VVM C dimana segi empat sudah berwarna ungu sama
seperti lingkaran diluarnya dan VVM D dimana segi empat sudah berwarna
lebih ungu dari pada lingkaran diluarnya. Vaksin dengan VVM C dan D
pertanda sudah terpapar panas dan tidak boleh digunakan lagi.<br />
Vaksin DPT, TT, DT, HB dan DPT-HB akan rusak bila terpapar suhu beku.
Masing-masing vaksin tersebut memiliki titik beku tersediri, yaitu
vaksin Hepatitis B beku pada suhu -0,5 ºC, sedang vaksin DPT, DT Dan TT
akan beku pada suhu -5 ºC.<br />
Vaksin yang tidak rusak oleh paparan suhu beku adalah Polio, Campak dan BCG.<br />
Untuk memantau suhu beku dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan Freeze Watch
dan Freeze tag yaitu alat yang sensitif terhadap suhu beku dimana bila
alat ini terpapar suhu dibawah -0 ºC akan terlihat pada monitor berupa
warna biru untuk Freeze Watch atau tanda silang untuk Freeze tag.<br />
Ditingkat puskesmas semua vaksin disimpan pada suhu +2 s/d +8 ºC sedang
freezer yang ada hanya diperuntukkan bagi pembuatan cold pack (es
batu).Untuk pendistribusian vaksin ke lapangan seperti posyandu
sebaiknya menggunakan air dingin (cool pack) dan bila situasinya
mengharuskan menggunakan cold pack, karena tempat yang panas atau jauh,
sebaiknya vaksin diatur berdasarkan sensitifitasnya terhadap suhu dan
diberi pelapis untuk jenis vaksin yang berbeda.<br />
Kini Vaksin Bisa Awet Tanpa Kulkas<br />
Untuk menjaga kestabilan organisme yang hidup di dalam vaksin,
temperatur tempat penyimpanan vaksin perlu dijaga. Masalahnya, untuk
negara sedang berkembang dan miskin seperti di Afrika dan juga pelosok
Indonesia, yang penyediaan listriknya kurang memadai, kestabilan vaksin
kurang bisa dipertanggungjawabkan.<br />
Para ilmuwan dari Universitas Oxford, Inggris, baru-baru ini
memublikasikan cara penyimpanan vaksin agar tetap hidup tanpa harus
disimpan di lemari es. Hasil riset ini diharapkan bisa meningkatkan luas
cakupan imunisasi di daerah terpencil.<br />
Para peneliti menggabungkan vaksin dengan dua tipe gula sebelum
perlahan-lahan dikeringkan dalam kertas filter. Hal ini akan mengawetkan
vaksin sehingga bila sewaktu-waktu dibutuhkan dapat langsung
diaktifkan. Gula yang dipakai adalah jenis sukrosa dan trehalose yang
biasa digunakan dalam bahan pengawet.<br />
Seperti dilaporkan dalam jurnal Science Translational Medicine, para
ilmuwan tersebut mengatakan, dengan metode tersebut, mereka sanggup
menjaga kestabilan vaksin dalam suhu 45 derajat selama enam bulan.<br />
Bila kita bisa mengubah standar penyimpanan vaksin menjadi cara ini,
berarti kita bisa menghemat biaya pengiriman karena vaksin bisa tahan
dalam suhu ruangan. Jumlah anak yang bisa mendapat imunisasi pun lebih
banyak. Teknologinya sederhana dan murah,” kata Profesor Adrian Hill,
ketua peneliti.<br />
Dia menambahkan, hasil riset yang dilakukan timnya cukup meyakinkan
karena ia menggunakan virus hidup. “Karena kami menggunakan vaksin yang
butuh perhatian ekstra, maka metode ini seharusnya juga bisa dipakai
untuk vaksin yang mengandung protein mati,” katanya.<br />
Anggota penelitian lain, Dr Matt Cottingham, mengatakan, karena tidak
diperlukan lemari pendingin, bukan tidak mungkin nantinya vaksin bisa
disimpan di tas ransel dan dibawa ke pelosok desa.<br />
“Kini tinggal mengembangkan teknik ini dan mencobanya di Afrika untuk
mengetahui apakah bisa diperbanyak oleh industri. Kami perkirakan dalam
waktu 5 tahun akan ada perubahan besar dalam penyimpanan vaksin,” papar
Hill.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.4 Persiapan Sebelum Imunisasi<br />
Sebulan sebelum waktu pelaksanaan perlu disampaikan pesan-pesan kepada masyarakat antara lain:<br />
• Pentingnya imunisasi bagi bayi dan balita<br />
• Mempersiapkan jadwal pelaksanaan dan tempat-tempat/pos kapsul vitamin
atau vaksin dan pelayanan imunisasi campak (pakai poster “Pos Vaksin X”
yang telah dikirim)<br />
• Bawa anti anafilaktik untuk mengatasi bila terjadi anaphylactic shock karena imunisasi</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Pada hari H-1 semua sarana pelayanan telah mendistribusikan:<br />
• Data sasaran balita (alamat, nama ayah, nama ibu, tanggal lahir, umur).<br />
• “Undangan “ kepada sejumlah sasaran yang telah terdata.<br />
• Kapsul vitamin/ vaksin sebanyak 125 % jumlah sasaran.<br />
• Pakai kapsul vitamin/ ampul vaksin yang diterima lebih awal terlebih dahulu, perhatikan tanggal kadaluwarsa.<br />
• Alat suntik sesuai jumlah sasaran. Perhatian, Alat suntik ini bersifat
sekali pakai (autodestruct), maka torak tidak boleh ditarik sebelum
jarum tersebut ditusukkan kedalam vial vaksin. Torak yang sudah ditarik
sebelum diisi vaksin tidak akan dapat digunakan lagi<br />
• Vaksin campak sesuai kebutuhan , dengan perhitungan jumlah vial sama dengan jumlah sasaran dibagi 8 (untuk vial 10 dosis).<br />
• Vaksin campak harus disimpan didalam termos berisi es dengan suhu berkisar 2-8 °C<br />
• Insenerator/kotak karton untuk memusnahkan alat suntik bekas pakai.<br />
• Format pelaporan yang akan digunakan<br />
Cara Pencatatan dan Pelaporan<br />
Khusus untuk kegiatan keterpaduan ini, menggunakan laporan seperti
contoh format terlampir. Hasil cakupan imunisasi dan vitamin A
selanjutnya direkap di Puskesmas dan dilaporkan melalui SP2TP.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Apa Yang Dilakukan terhadap Sisa Kapsul dan Vaksin?<br />
• Sisa kapsul vitamin/vaksin, dapat disimpan sesuai dengan tanggal kadaluwarsa yang tertulis di botol kapsul.<br />
• Sisa kapsul dicatat dalam pencatatan logistik dalam laporan obat.<br />
• Semua vaksin yang masih utuh dibawa kembali ke puskesmas dalam termos berisi es batu.<br />
• Semua botol vaksin kosong dan vaksin sisa dibawa kembali ke Puskesmas untuk dimusnahkan setelah dihitung.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2.5 Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Anak Yang Akan Diimunisasi<br />
A. Pengkajian Pra Imunisasi :<br />
1. Tulis biodata klien secara lengkap.<br />
2. Pengkajian secara umum mulai dari ujung rambut sampai ujung kaki.<br />
3. Riwayat penyakit yang oernah diderita<br />
4. Riwayat imunisasi yang pernah didapatkan o/ anak<br />
5. Riwayat prenatal<br />
6. Riwayat kejang<br />
7. Riwayat penyakit keluarga ( Disfungsi imunologi,HIV/ AIDS, Kanker )<br />
8. Riwayat obat- obatan<br />
9. Riwayat alergi terhadap obat tertentu.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">B. Diagnosa NANDA, Hasil NOC, dan Intervensi NIC<br />
Nanda NOC NIC<br />
1. Kesiagaan untuk meningkatkan status imunisasi Kontrol imun yang hipersensitif<br />
• Status respirasi, nadi, gastrointestinal,dan ginjal dalam batas IER<br />
• Bebas reaksi alergi<br />
• Bebas respon imflamasi local<br />
• Bebas dari kejadian autoimun<br />
• Tidak ada auto antibody atau auto-antigen<br />
Status imun<br />
• Infeksi ulangan tidak terjadi<br />
• Tidak ada bengkak<br />
• Berat IER<br />
• Imunisasi sekarang<br />
Perilaku imunisasi<br />
• Menyatakan resiko penyakit tampa imunisasi<br />
• Mendeskripsikan resiko yang berhubungan dengan imunisasi khusus<br />
• Mendeskripsikan kontraindikasi imunisasi khusu<br />
• Membawa kartu vaksin setiap berkunjung<br />
• Konfirmasi jadwal imunisasi selanjutnya Pemberian imunisasi/vaksin<br />
• Mengajarkan orang tua daftar imunisasi yang direkomendasikan, cara
imunisasi diberikan, alas an, keuntungan, reaksi berlawanan, dan efek
samping<br />
• Sediakan informasi imunisasi dalam bentuk tertulis<br />
• Sediakan teknik pemberian yang tepat<br />
• Identifikasi rekomendasi terbaru tentang imunisasi<br />
• Memantau pasien selama periode khusus setelah pemberian obat<br />
• Menahan anak selama imunisasi<br />
• Jadwal imunisasi sesuai dengan interval waktu<br />
Persiapan vaksin</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">2. Kecemasan Control kecemasan<br />
• Memantau intensitas kecemasan<br />
• Membuang penyebab cemas<br />
• Menurunkan rangsangan lingkungan ketika cemas<br />
• Merencanakan strategi koping pada situasi yang menekan<br />
• mempertahankan hubungan social<br />
• laporan adukuat tidur<br />
• mengontrol kecemasan<br />
Control dorongan<br />
• mengidentifikasi sikap yang membahayakan<br />
• identifikasi perasaan utama yang mendorong aksi impulsive<br />
• identifikasi akibat aksi impulasif bagi diri dan orang lain<br />
• identifikasi dukungan sosial<br />
Keahlian interaksi social<br />
• pengungkapan<br />
• kemudahan menerima<br />
• kerjasama<br />
• sensitifitas<br />
• konfrontasi<br />
• kehangatan<br />
• rileks<br />
• pertimbangan<br />
Control penyerangan<br />
• Menahan diri dari luapan<br />
• Menahan diri dari tempat personal orang lain<br />
• Menahan diri dari membahayakan orang lain<br />
• Menahan diri dari merusak property<br />
• Kebutuhan komunikasi tang tepat<br />
• Komunikasi perasaan yang yang tepat Pengurangan kecemasan<br />
• Berbicara dengan tenang<br />
• Jelaskan keadaan harapan untuk sikap pasien<br />
• Jelaskan semua prosedur termasuk sensasi seperti pengalaman pada prosedur<br />
• Sediakan informaasi nyata tentang diagnosis, perlakuan dan prognosis<br />
• Tinggal bersama pasien untuk memperkenalkan keselamatn dan mengurangi rasa takut<br />
Teknik tenang<br />
• Pegang dan nyamankan bayi atau anak<br />
• Menguncang bayi jika perlu<br />
• Bicara lembut atau bernyanyi pada bayi atau anak<br />
• Pertahankan kontak mata<br />
• Duduk dan bicara dengan pasien<br />
• Tawarkan minuman hangat atau susu<br />
Kehadiran<br />
• Deminstrasikan sikap menerima<br />
• Komunikasi verbal berempati<br />
• Tegakkan kepercayaan dan perhatian yang positif<br />
• Dengarkan kecemasan pasien<br />
• Pegang pasien untuk mengurangi kecemasan<br />
• Tawarkan atau hubungi orang lain yang bisa mendukung<br />
Manajemen rasa khawatir berlebihan<br />
• Ikutsertakan keluarga dalam perencanaan, penyediaan, evaluasi, dan perawatan<br />
• Pantau fungsi koognitif menggunakan standar alat pengkajian<br />
• Sediakan cahaya yang cukup tapi tidak menyilaukan<br />
• Perkenalkan diri pada inisiasi kontak<br />
• Berikan arah sederhana pada waktu yang tepat<br />
• Berbicara jelas, lembut,hangat, dengan suara yang respek</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">C. Intervensi Keperawatan Saat akan melakukan penyuntikan vaksin<br />
1. Komunikasi teraupeutik dengan ortu/klg<br />
2. Informasi tentang efek samping vaksin dan resiko apabila tdk imunisasi.<br />
3. Periksa kembali persiapan u/ imunisasi untuk mengantisipasi hal- hal yg tdk diinginkan.<br />
4. Baca dgn teliti informasi tentang produk<br />
5. Tinjau kembali apakah ada indikasi kontra thd vaksin yang akan diberikan.<br />
6. Periksa jenis vaksin dan yakinkan kalau vaksin disimpan dgn baik<br />
7. Periksa vaksin yang akan diberikan, apakah ada tanda- tanda perubahan
pada vaksin tersebut, periksa tanggal kadaluawarsa, dan catat hal- hal
istimewa, seperti ada perubahan warna.<br />
8. Yakinkan bahwa vaksin yang akan diberikan sesuai jadwal, dan tawarkan
tawarkan vaksin lain untuk mengejar imunisasi yang tertinggal.<br />
9. Berikan vaksin dgn tehnik yang benar.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">D. Setelah selesai pemberian vaksin<br />
1. Memberitahu ulang tentang efek samping vaksin dan resiko apabila tdk imunisasi.<br />
2. Dokumentasikan kestatus klien<br />
3. Periksa status imunisasi anggota klg lainnya.<br />
4. Laporan imunisasi secara rinci hrs dilaporkan ke Puskesmas induk è Dinas kesehatan ( Bag P2M )<br />
5. Penyuluhan tentang imunisasi<br />
6. Berikan petunjuk, sebaiknya tertulus kepada ortu/ klg atau pengasuh
apa yg harus dikerjakan dalam kejadian biasa atau kejadian yg lebih
berat.misalnya pemberian parasetamol bila anak demam.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;">BAB III<br />
PENUTUP</span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">3.1 Kesimpulan<br />
Imunisasi itu sangat penting untuk mrngurangi mortalitas dan morbiditas
pada anak. Imunisasi yang penting bagi anak itu ada 5 macam yaitu BCG,
DPT1, DPT2, DPT3, Polio, dan campak. Masing-masing imunisasi itu berguna
untuk mencegah penyakit dan menghindari infeksi pada anak.<br />
Sebelum melakukan imunisasi diperlukan persiapan yang optimal baik
persiapan alat maupun persiapan teknis terutama penyampaian pentingnya
imunisasi pada masyarakat. Dalam pelaksanaannya dibutuhkan kerja sama
dari semua pihak.<br />
Setiap pemberian imunisasi dapat dilakukan pada beberapa tempat,
tergantung imunisasi yang diberikan. Misalnya polio melalui oral, DPT
melalui suntikan paha, dan campak dan BCG di lengan (deltoideus).<br />
Penyimpanan vaksin dapat dilakukan tanpa kulkas. Misalnya dengan cara
menggabungkan vaksin dengan dua tipe gula sebelum perlahan-lahan
dikeringkan dalam kertas filter. Hal ini akan mengawetkan vaksin
sehingga bila sewaktu-waktu dibutuhkan dapat langsung diaktifkan. Gula
yang dipakai adalah jenis sukrosa dan trehalose yang biasa digunakan
dalam bahan pengawet.<br />
Asuhan keperawatan pada anak yang akan diberikan imunisasi meliputi
persiapan pra imunisasi, diagnose NANDA, hasil NOC, dan Intervensi NIC.
Adapun diagnose yang dipilih yaitu Kesiagaan untuk meningkatkan status
imunisasi dan kecemasan.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">3.2 Saran<br />
Berdasarkan isi dari makalah banyak kekurangan yang terdapat pada isi
yang dijelaskan dan bahasa yang di gunakan penulis sebagian besar masih
teksbook. Hal ini di sebabkan karena kurangnya pemahaman dari penulis.<br />
Hendaknya dimasa yang akan datang diharapkan para penulis dan penerus
selanjutnya lebih memahami lagi terhadap materi yang akan dibuatnya.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Herdman, T. Hesther.2009. NANDA International Nursing Diagnosis: definition &<br />
Classification 2009-2011.Singapura: Markono Print Media Pte Ltd<br />
Hidayat, Aiziz Alimul. Pengantar Ilmu keperawatan Anak. Buku 1. jakarta: Salemba<br />
Medika. 2006<br />
http//:vaksinasi/penyimpanan-vaksin.html</span>Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-33075350274032562602013-04-22T23:31:00.000-07:002013-04-22T23:31:09.206-07:00Pemeriksaan fisik<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 24pt 10pt 0.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 24pt 10pt 0.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN </span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 24pt 10pt 0.2pt; text-align: center;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengumpulkan data dasar tentang
kesehatan klien.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menambah, menginformasi, atau menyangkal
data yang diperoleh dalam riwayat keperawatan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menginformasi dan
mengidentifikasi diagnose keperawatan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 253px; left: 0px; margin-left: 387px; margin-top: 40px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 168px; z-index: -1;"><img height="253" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="168" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk membuat
penilaian klinis tentang perubahan status kesehatan klien dan
penatalaksanaannya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengevaluasi hasil fisiologis
dari asuhan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peralatan
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lidi
kapas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cytobrush</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantalan
sekali pakai</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selimut</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagan
mata (mis. Snellen chart)</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senter
dan lampu sorot</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulir
(mis. Fisik, laboratorium)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Handschoon
(bersih atau steril)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Skort
untuk klien</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelumas
larut air</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oftalmoskop</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otoskop</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Slide
untuk Papanicolaou smear</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Handuk
kertas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Palu
perkusi </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggaris</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pin
pengaman</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Skala
dengan meteran pengukur tinggi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah
specimen dan slide mikroskop</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sfigmomanometer
dan manset</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stetoskop</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Forsep
swab atau spon</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pita
meteran</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thermometer</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tisu</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spatel
lidah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Garpu
tala</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Speculum
vagina</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">(
Potter & Perry,2002)</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN </span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1. Konsep Teori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Pemeriksaan
fisik merupakan peninjauan dari ujung rambut sampai ujung kaki pada
setiap system tubuh yang memberikan informasi objektif tentang klien dan
memungkinkan perawat untuk mebuat penilaian klinis. Keakuratan
pemeriksaan fisik mempengaruhi pemilihan terapi yang diterima klien dan
penetuan respon terhadap terapi tersebut.(Potter dan Perry, 2005)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
fisik dalah pemeriksaan tubuh klien secara keseluruhan atau hanya
bagian tertentu yang dianggap perlu, untuk memperoleh data yang
sistematif dan komprehensif, memastikan/membuktikan hasil anamnesa,
menentukan masalah dan merencanakan tindakan keperawatan yang tepat bagi
klien. ( Dewi Sartika, 2010)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun teknik-teknik pemeriksaan fisik yang digunakan adalah:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Inspeksi
adalah pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan indera penglihatan, pendengaran
dan penciuman. Inspeksi umum dilakukan saat pertama kali bertemu pasien.
Suatu gambaran atau kesan umum mengenai keadaan kesehatan yang di
bentuk. Pemeriksaan kemudian maju ke suatu inspeksi local yang berfokus
pada suatu system tunggal atau bagian dan biasanya mengguankan alat
khusus seperto optalomoskop, otoskop, speculum dan lain-lain. (Laura
A.Talbot dan Mary Meyers, 1997) Inspeksi adalah pemeriksaan yang
dilakukan dengan cara melihat bagian tubuh yang diperiksa melalui
pengamatan (mata atau kaca pembesar). (Dewi Sartika, 2010) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Fokus
inspeksi pada setiap bagian tubuh meliputi : ukuran tubuh, warna,
bentuk, posisi, kesimetrisan, lesi, dan penonjolan/pembengkakan.setelah
inspeksi perlu dibandingkan hasil normal dan abnormal bagian tubuh satu
dengan bagian tubuh lainnya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Palpasi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Palpasi
adalah pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan indera peraba dengan meletakkan
tangan pada bagian tubuh yang dapat di jangkau tangan. Laura A.Talbot
dan Mary Meyers, 1997)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi
adalah teknik pemeriksaan yang menggunakan indera peraba ; tangan dan
jari-jari, untuk mendeterminasi ciri2 jaringan atau organ seperti:
temperatur, keelastisan, bentuk, ukuran, kelembaban dan penonjolan.(Dewi
Sartika,2010)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal yang di deteksi adalah suhu, kelembaban, tekstur, gerakan, vibrasi, pertumbuhan atau massa, edema, krepitasi dan sensasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Perkusi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Perkusi
adalah pemeriksaan yang meliputi pengetukan permukaan tubuh unutk
menghasilkan bunyi yang akan membantu dalam membantu penentuan densitas,
lokasi, dan posisi struktur di bawahnya.(Laura A.Talbot dan Mary
Meyers, 1997) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Perkusi
adalah pemeriksaan dengan jalan mengetuk bagian permukaan tubuh
tertentu untuk membandingkan dengan bagian tubuh lainnya (kiri/kanan)
dengan menghasilkan suara, yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi batas/
lokasi dan konsistensi jaringan. Dewi Sartika, 2010)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Auskultasi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Auskultasi
adalah tindakan mendengarkan bunyi yang ditimbulkan oleh bermacam-macam
organ dan jaringan tubuh.(Laura A.Talbot dan Mary Meyers, 1997) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Auskultasi
Adalah pemeriksaan fisik yang dilakukan dengan cara mendengarkan suara
yang dihasilkan oleh tubuh. Biasanya menggunakan alat yang disebut
dengan stetoskop. Hal-hal yang didengarkan adalah : bunyi jantung, suara
nafas, dan bising usus.(Dewi Sartika, 2010)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam melakukan pemeriksaan fisik, ada prinsip-prinsip yang harus di perhatikan, yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol infeksi </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meliputi mencuci tangan, memasang sarung tangan steril, memasang masker, dan membantu klien mengenakan baju periksa jika ada.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontrol lingkungan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu
memastikan ruangan dalam keadaan nyaman, hangat, dan cukup penerangan
untuk melakukan pemeriksaan fisik baik bagi klien maupun bagi pemeriksa
itu sendiri. Misalnya menutup pintu/jendala atau skerem untuk menjaga
privacy klien</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komunikasi (penjelasan prosedur)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Privacy dan kenyamanan klien </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistematis dan konsisten ( head to toe, dr eksternal ke internal, dr normal ke abN)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berada di sisi kanan klien</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efisiensi </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dokumentasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2. Tujuan Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum, pemeriksaan fisik yang dilakukan bertujuan:</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengumpulkan data dasar tentang kesehatan klien.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menambah, mengkonfirmasi, atau menyangkal data yang diperoleh dalam riwayat keperawatan.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengkonfirmasi dan mengidentifikasi diagnosa keperawatan.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk membuat penilaian klinis tentang perubahan status kesehatan klien dan penatalaksanaan.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengevaluasi hasil fisiologis dari asuhan.</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun
demikian, masing-masing pemeriksaan juga memiliki tujuan tertentu yang
akan di jelaskan nanti di setiap bagian tibug yang akan di lakukan
pemeriksaan fisik.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3. Manfaat Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Pemeriksaan fisik memiliki banyak manfaat, baik bagi perawat sendiri, maupun bagi profesi kesehatan lain, diantaranya:</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai data untuk membantu perawat dalam menegakkan diagnose keperawatan.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui masalah kesehatan yang di alami klien.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebagai dasar untuk memilih intervensi keperawatan yang tepat</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai data untuk mengevaluasi hasil dari asuhan keperawatan</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4. Indikasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutlak dilakukan pada setiap klien, tertama pada:</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">klien yang baru masuk ke tempat pelayanan kesehatan untuk di rawat.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara rutin pada klien yang sedang di rawat.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu-waktu sesuai kebutuhan klien</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5. Prosedur pemeriksaan fisik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Persiapan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Meteran,
Timbangan BB, Penlight, Steteskop, Tensimeter/spighnomanometer,
Thermometer, Arloji/stopwatch, Refleks Hammer, Otoskop, Handschoon
bersih ( jika perlu), tissue, buku catatan perawat.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alat diletakkan di dekat tempat tidur klien yang akan di periksa.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkungan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>Pastikan
ruangan dalam keadaan nyaman, hangat, dan cukup penerangan. Misalnya
menutup pintu/jendala atau skerem untuk menjaga privacy klien</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien (fisik dan fisiologis)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantu klien mengenakan baju periksa jika ada dan anjurkan klien untuk rileks.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pemeriksaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan prosedur</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan pemeriksaan dengan berdiri di sebelah kanan klien dan pasang handschoen bila di perlukan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan umum meliputi : penampilan umum, status mental dan nutrisi.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi klien : duduk/berbaring</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara : inspeksi</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesadaran,
tingkah laku, ekspresi wajah, mood. (Normal : Kesadaran penuh,
Ekspresi sesuai, tidak ada menahan nyeri/ sulit bernafas)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda stress/ kecemasan (Normal :)Relaks, tidak ada tanda-tanda cemas/takut)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kelamin</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Usia dan Gender</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan perkembangan</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TB, BB ( Normal : BMI dalam batas normal)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebersihan Personal (Normal : Bersih dan tidak bau)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara berpakaian (Normal : Benar/ tidak terbalik)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Postur dan cara berjalan</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk dan ukuran tubuh</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara bicara. (Relaks, lancer, tidak gugup)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi dengan membandingkan dengan keadaan normal.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran tanda vital (Dibahas kelompok 2 lebih dalam)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi klien : duduk/ berbaring</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu tubuh (Normal : 36,5-37,50c)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan darah (Normal : 120/80 mmHg)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nadi</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Frekuensi = Normal : 60-100x/menit ; Takikardia: >100 ; Bradikardia: <6</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Keteraturan= Normal : teratur</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Kekuatan= 0: Tidak ada denyutan; 1+:denyutan kurang teraba; 2+: Denyutan<span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>mudah teraba, tak mudah lenyap; 3+: denyutan kuat dan mudah teraba</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pernafasan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Frekuensi: Normal= 15-20x /menit; >20: Takipnea; <15 Bradipnea</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Keteraturan= Normal : teratur</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Kedalaman: dalam/dangkal</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d) Penggunaan otot bantu pernafasan: Normal : tidak ada</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>setelah diadakan pemeriksaan tanda-tanda vital evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan yang</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>didapat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kulit dan kuku</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>1) Mengetahui kondisi kulit dan kuku</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>2) Mengetahui perubahan oksigenasi, sirkulasi, kerusakan jaringan setempat, dan hidrasi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>1) Posisi klien: duduk/ berbaring</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>2) Pencahayaan yang cukup/lampu</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>3) Sarung tangan (utuk lesi basah dan berair)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Pemeriksaan kulit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">\</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Inspeks</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">i : kebersihan, warna, pigmentasi,lesi/perlukaan, pucat, sianosis, dan ikterik.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: kulit tidak ada ikterik/pucat/sianosis.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i : kelembapan, suhu permukaan kulit, tekstur, ketebalan, turgor kulit, dan edema.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: lembab, turgor baik/elastic, tidak ada edema.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan kulit dan kuku evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan
yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Pemeriksaan kuku</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : kebersihan, bentuk, dan warna kuku</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: bersih, bentuk normaltidak ada tanda-tanda jari tabuh (clubbing finger), tidak ikterik/sianosis.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : ketebalan kuku dan capillary refile ( pengisian kapiler ).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: aliran darah kuku akan kembali < 3 detik.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan kuku evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan
yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Pemeriksaan kepala, wajah, mata, telinga, hidung, mulut dan leher</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Posisi klien : duduk , untuk pemeriksaan wajah sampai dengan leher perawat <span> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>berhadapan dengan klien</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kepala, wajah, mata, telinga, hidung, mulut dan leher</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Pemeriksaan kepala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Mengetahui bentuk dan fungsi kepala<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Mengetahui kelainan yang terdapat di kepala<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Lampu</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>b) Sarung tangan (jika di duga terdapat lesi atau luka)</span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Prosedur Pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Inspeks</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">i
: ukuran lingkar kepala, bentuk, kesimetrisan, adanya lesi atau tidak,
kebersihan rambut dan kulit kepala, warna, rambut, jumlah dan distribusi
rambut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: simetris, bersih, tidak ada lesi, tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda kekurangan gizi(rambut jagung dan kering)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : adanya pembengkakan/penonjolan, dan tekstur rambut.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: tidak ada penonjolan /pembengkakan, rambut lebat dan kuat/tidak rapuh.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan kepala evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan
yang didapat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan wajah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : warna kulit, pigmentasi, bentuk, dan kesimetrisan. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: warna sama dengan bagian tubuh lain, tidak pucat/ikterik, simetris.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : nyeri tekan dahi, dan edema, pipi, dan rahang</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: tidak ada nyeri tekan dan edema.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan wajah evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan
yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemeriksaan mata</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Mengetahui bentuk dan fungsi mata</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Mengetahui adanya kelainan pada mata.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Senter Kecil</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Surat kabar atau majalah</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Kartu Snellen</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>d) Penutup Mata</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>e) Sarung tangan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Prosedur Pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
bentuk, kesimestrisan, alis mata, bulu mata, kelopak mata,
kesimestrisan, bola mata, warna konjunctiva dan sclera (anemis/ikterik),
penggunaan kacamata / lensa kontak, dan respon terhadap cahaya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: simetris mata kika, simetris bola mata kika, warna konjungtiva pink, dan sclera berwarna putih.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes Ketajaman Penglihatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Ketajaman penglihatan seseorang mungkin berbeda dengan orang lain.
Tajam penglihatan tersebut merupakan derajad persepsi deteil dan kontour
beda. Visus tersebut dibagi dua yaitu:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1). Visus sentralis.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Visus sentralis ini dibagi dua yaitu visus sentralis jauh dan visus sentralis dekat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">visus
centralis jauh merupakan ketajaman penglihatan untuk melihat benda
benda yang letaknya jauh. Pada keadaan ini mata tidak melakukan
akomodasi.<i> (EM. Sutrisna, dkk, hal 21).</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">virus
centralis dekat yang merupakan ketajaman penglihatan untuk melihat
benda benda dekat misalnya membaca, menulis dan lain lain. Pada keadaan
ini mata harus akomodasi supaya bayangan benda tepat jatuh di retina.<i> (EM. Sutrisna, dkk, hal 21).</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2). Visus perifer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Pada
visus ini menggambarkan luasnya medan penglihatan dan diperiksa dengan
perimeter. Fungsi dari visus perifer adalah untuk mengenal tempat suatu
benda terhadap sekitarnya dan pertahanan tubuh dengan reaksi menghindar
jika ada bahaya dari samping. Dalam klinis visus sentralis jauh tersebut
diukur dengan menggunakan grafik huruf Snellen yang dilihat pada jarak
20 feet atau sekitar 6 meter. Jika hasil pemeriksaan tersebut visusnya
e”20/20 maka tajam penglihatannya dikatakan normal dan jika Visus
<20/20 maka tajam penglihatanya dikatakan kurang Penyebab penurunan
tajam peglihatan seseorang bermacam macam, salah satunya adalah refraksi
anomaly/kelainan pembiasan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> prosedur pemeriksaan visus dengan menggunakan peta snellen yaitu:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperkenalkan diri dan menjelaskan maksud tujuan pemeriksaan.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meminta pasien duduk menghadap kartu Snellen dengan jarak 6 meter.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
penjelasan apa yang harus dilakukan (pasien diminta mengucapkan
apa yang akan ditunjuk di kartu Snellen) dengan menutup salah satu
mata dengan tangannya tanpa ditekan (mata kiri ditutup dulu).</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan dilakukan dengan meminta pasien menyebutkan simbol di kartu Snellen dari kiri ke kanan, atas ke bawah.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
pasien tidak bisa melihat satu simbol maka diulangi lagi dari
barisan atas. Jika tetap maka nilai visus oculi dextra = barisan
atas/6.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
pasien dari awal tidak dapat membaca simbol di Snellen chart maka
pasien diminta untuk membaca hitungan jari dimulai jarak 1 meter
kemudian mundur. Nilai visus oculi dextra = jarak pasien masih bisa
membaca hitungan/60.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
pasien juga tidak bisa membaca hitungan jari maka pasien diminta
untuk melihat adanya gerakan tangan pemeriksa pada jarak 1 meter
(Nilai visus oculi dextranya 1/300).</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
pasien juga tetap tidak bisa melihat adanya gerakan tangan, maka
pasien diminta untuk menunjukkan ada atau tidaknya sinar dan arah
sinar (Nilai visus oculi dextra 1/tidak hingga). Pada keadaan tidak
mengetahui cahaya nilai visus oculi dextranya nol.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan dilanjutkan dengan menilai visus oculi sinistra dengan cara yang sama.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaporkan
hasil visus oculi sinistra dan dextra. (Pada pasien vos/vodnya
“x/y” artinya mata kanan pasien dapat melihat sejauh x meter,
sedangkan orang normal dapat melihat sejauh y meter.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Pergerakan Bola Mata</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan pergeraka bola mata dilakukan dengan cara Cover-Uncover Test / Tes Tutup-Buka Mata</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuannya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah untuk mengidentifikasi adanya Heterophoria.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Heterophoria
berhubungan dengan kelainan posisi bola mata, dimana terdapat
penyimpangan posisi bolamata yang disebabkan adanya gangguan
keseimbangan otot-otot bolamata yang sifatnya tersembunyi atau latent.
Ini berarti mata itu cenderung untuk menyimpang atau juling, namun tidak
nyata terlihat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
phoria, otot-otot ekstrinsik atau otot luar bola mata berusaha lebih
tegang atau kuat untuk menjaga posisi kedua mata tetap sejajar. Sehingga
rangsangan untuk berfusi atau menyatu inilah menjadi faktor utama yang
membuat otot -otot tersebut berusaha extra atau lebih, yang pada
akhirnya menjadi beban bagi otot-otot tersebut, wal hasil akan timbul
rasa kurang nyaman atau Asthenopia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar pemeriksaan Cover-Uncover Test / Tes Tutup-Buka Mata</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
orang yang Heterophoria maka apabila fusi kedua mata diganggu
(menutup salah satu matanya dengan penutup/occluder, atau
dipasangkan suatu filter), maka deviasi atau peyimpangan laten atau
tersembunyi akan terlihat. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksa memberi perhatian kepada mata yang berada dibelakang penutup. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu
tutup di buka, bila terlihat adanya gerakan dari luar (temporal)
kearah dalam (nasal) pada mata yang baru saja di tutup, berarti
terdapat kelainan <b>EXOPHORIA.</b> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu
tutup di buka, bila terlihat adanya gerakan dari dalam (nasal)
luar kearah (temporal)pada mata yang baru saja di tutup, berarti
terdapat kelainan <b>ESOPHORIA.</b> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu
tutup di buka, bila terlihat adanya gerakan dari atas (superior)
kearah bawah (inferior) pada mata yang baru saja di tutup, berarti
terdapat kelainan <b>HYPERPHORIA.</b> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu
tutup di buka, bila terlihat adanya gerakan dari bawah (inferior)
kearah atas (superior) pada mata yang baru saja di tutup, berarti
terdapat kelainan <b>HYPORPHORIA.</b> </span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alat/sarana yang dipakai:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Titik/lampu untuk fiksasi </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jarak pemeriksaan : </span></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jauh : 20 feet (6 Meter) </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dekat : 14 Inch (35 Cm) </span></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup/Occluder </span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pemeriksaan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minta
pasien untuk selalu melihat dan memperhatikan titik fiksasi, jika
objek jauh kurang jelas, maka gunakan kacamata koreksinya. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksa
menempatkan dirinya di depan pasien sedemikian rupa, sehingga
apabila terjadi gerakan dari mata yang barusa saja ditutup dapat di
lihat dengan jelas atau di deteksi dengan jelas. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhatian dan konsentrasi pemeriksa selalu pada mata yang ditutup. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu
tutup di buka, bila terlihat adanya gerakan dari luar (temporal)
kearah dalam (nasal) pada mata yang baru saja di tutup, berarti
terdapat kelainan <b>EXOPHORIA.</b> Exophoria dinyatakan dengan inisial = <b>X</b> (gambar D) </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu
tutup di buka, bila terlihat adanya gerakan dari dalam (nasal)
luar kearah (temporal)pada mata yang baru saja di tutup, berarti
terdapat kelainan <b>ESOPHORIA. </b>Esophoria dinyatakan dengan inisial = <b>E</b> (gambar C) </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu
tutup di buka, bila terlihat adanya gerakan dari atas (superior)
kearah bawah (inferior)) pada mata yang baru saja di tutup,
berarti terdapat kelainan <b>HYPERPHORIA.</b> Hyperphoria dinyatakan dengan inisial = <b>X</b> (gambar E) </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu
tutup di buka, bila terlihat adanya gerakan dari bawah (inferior)
kearah atas (superior) pada mata yang baru saja di tutup, berarti
terdapat kelainan <b>HYPOPHORIA.</b> Hypophoria dinyatakan dengan inisial = <b>X</b> (gambar F) </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mendeteksi Heterophoria yang kecil, seringkali kita tidak dapat
mengenali adanya suatu gerakan, seolah kondisi mata tetap di
tempat. Untuk itu metode ini sering kita ikuti dengan metode tutup
mata bergantian (Alternating Cover Test). </span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan mata evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan
yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Pemeriksaan telinga</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui keadaan telinga luar, saluran telinga, gendang telinga, dan fungsi pendengaran.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan Alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Arloji berjarum detik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Garpu tala</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Speculum telinga</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>d) Lampu kepala</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Inspeksi</b>
: bentuk dan ukuran telinga, kesimetrisan, integritas, posisi telinga,
warna, liang telinga (cerumen/tanda-tanda infeksi), alat bantu dengar..</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal:
bentuk dan posisi simetris kika, integritas kulit bagus, warna sama
dengan kulit lain, tidak ada tanda-tanda infeksi, dan alat bantu dengar.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i : nyeri tekan aurikuler, mastoid, dan tragus</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: tidak ada nyeri tekan.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan telinga evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan
yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaaan Telinga Dengan Menggunakan Garpu Tala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Rinne</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pegang agrpu tala pada tangkainya dan pukulkan ke telapak atau buku jari tangan yang berlawanan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Letakkan tangkai garpu tala pada prosesus mastoideus klien.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan klien untuk memberi tahu pemeriksa jika ia tidak merasakan getaran lagi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Angkat
garpu tala dan dengan cepat tempatkan di depan lubang telinga klien 1-2
cm dengan posisi garpu tala parallel terhadap lubang telinga luar
klien.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Instruksikan klien untuk member tahu apakah ia masih mendengarkan suara atau tidak.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat hasil pemeriksaan pendengaran tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Webber</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pegang garpu tala pada tangkainya dan pukulkan ke telapak atau buku jari yang berlawanan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Letakkan tangkai garpu tala di tengah puncak kepala klien .</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanyakan pada klien apakah bunyi terdengar sama jelas pada kedua telinga atau lebih jelas pada salah satu telinga.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat hasil pemeriksaan dengan pendengaran tersebut</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksan hidung dan sinus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Mengetahui bentuk dan fungsi hidung</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Menentukan kesimetrisan struktur dan adanya inflamasi atau infeksi</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan Alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Spekulum hidung</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Senter kecil</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Lampu penerang</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>d) Sarung tangan (jika perlu)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
: hidung eksternal (bentuk, ukuran, warna, kesimetrisan), rongga,
hidung ( lesi, sekret, sumbatan, pendarahan), hidung internal
(kemerahan, lesi, tanda2 infeksi)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal:
simetris kika, warna sama dengan warna kulit lain, tidak ada lesi,
tidak ada sumbatan, perdarahan dan tanda-tanda infeksi.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi dan Perkusi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">frontalis dan, maksilaris (bengkak, nyeri, dan septum deviasi)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: tidak ada bengkak dan nyeri tekan.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan hidung dan sinus evaluasi hasil yang di dapat
dengan membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil
pemeriksaan yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan mulut dan bibir</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui bentuk kelainan mulut</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan Alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Senter kecil</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Sudip lidah</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Sarung tangan bersih</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>d) Kasa</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi dan palpasi struktur luar </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: warna mukosa mulut dan bibir, tekstur , lesi, dan stomatitis. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: warna mukosa mulut dan bibir pink, lembab, tidak ada lesi dan stomatitis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Inspeksi dan palpasi strukur dalam </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: gigi lengkap/penggunaan gigi palsu, perdarahan/ radang gusi, kesimetrisan, warna, posisi lidah, dan keadaan langit2.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>gigi
lengkap, tidak ada tanda-tanda gigi berlobang atau kerusakan gigi,
tidak ada perdarahan atau radang gusi, lidah simetris, warna pink,
langit2 utuh dan tidak ada tanda infeksi.</i></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gigi
lengkap pada orang dewasa berjumlah 36 buah, yang terdiri dari 16 buah
di rahang atas dan 16 buah di rahang bawah. Pada anak-anak gigi sudah
mulai tumbuh pada usia enam bulan. Gigi pertama tumbuh dinamakan gigi
susu di ikuti tumbuhnya gigi lain yang disebut gigi sulung. Akhirnya
pada usia enam tahun hingga empat belas tahun, gigi tersebut mulai
tanggal dan dig anti gigi tetap.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Pada
usia 6 bulan gigi berjumlah 2 buah (dirahang bawah), usia 7-8 bulan
berjumlah 7 buah(2 dirahang atas dan 4 dirahang bawah) , usia 9-11 bulan
berjumlah 8 buah(4 dirahang atas dan 4 dirahang bawah), usia 12-15
bulan gigi berjumlah 12 buah (6 dirahang atas dan 6 dirahang bawah),
usia 16-19 bulan berjumlah 16 buah (8 dirahang atas dan 8 dirahang
bawah), dan pada usia 20-30 bulan berjumlah 20 buah (10 dirahang atas
dan 10 dirahang bawah)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan mulut dan bibir evaluasi hasil yang di dapat
dengan membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil
pemeriksaan yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan leher</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Menentukan struktur integritas leher</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Mengetahui bentuk leher serta organ yang berkaitan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Memeriksa system limfatik</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan Alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Stetoskop</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi leher:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> warna integritas, bentuk simetris.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: warna sama dengan kulit lain, integritas kulit baik, bentuk simetris, tidak ada pembesaran kelenjer gondok.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi dan auskultasi arteri karotis:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> lokasi pulsasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>arteri karotis terdengar.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi dan palpasi kelenjer tiroid</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
(nodus/difus, pembesaran,batas, konsistensi, nyeri,
gerakan/perlengketan pada kulit), kelenjer limfe (letak, konsistensi,
nyeri, pembesaran), kelenjer parotis (letak, terlihat/ teraba)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: tidak teraba pembesaran kel.gondok, tidak ada nyeri, tidak ada pembesaran kel.limfe, tidak ada nyeri.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bising pembuluh darah.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan leher evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan
yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan dada( dada dan punggung) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi klien: berdiri, duduk dan berbaring</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cara/prosedur:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">System pernafasan</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Mengetahui bentuk, kesimetrisas, ekspansi, keadaan kulit, dan dinding dada</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Mengetahui frekuensi, sifat, irama pernafasan,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Mengetahui adanya nyeri tekan, masa, peradangan, traktil premitus</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Stetoskop</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Penggaris centimeter</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Pensil penada</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
: kesimetrisan, bentuk/postur dada, gerakan nafas (frekuensi, irama,
kedalaman, dan upaya pernafasan/penggunaan otot-otot bantu pernafasan),
warna kulit, lesi, edema, pembengkakan/ penonjolan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal:
simetris, bentuk dan postur normal, tidak ada tanda-tanda distress
pernapasan, warna kulit sama dengan warna kulit lain, tidak
ikterik/sianosis, tidak ada pembengkakan/penonjolan/edema</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: Simetris, pergerakan dada, massa dan lesi, nyeri, tractile fremitus.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(perawat
berdiri dibelakang pasien, instruksikan pasien untuk mengucapkan angka
“tujuh-tujuh” atau “enam-enam” sambil melakukan perabaan dengan kedua
telapak tangan pada punggung pasien.)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal:
integritas kulit baik, tidak ada nyeri tekan/massa/tanda-tanda
peradangan, ekspansi simetris, taktil vremitus cendrung sebelah kanan
lebih teraba jelas.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:
paru, eksrusi diafragma (konsistensi dan bandingkan satu sisi dengan
satu sisi lain pada tinggi yang sama dengan pola berjenjang sisi ke
sisi)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal:
resonan (“dug dug dug”), jika bagian padat lebih daripada bagian
udara=pekak (“bleg bleg bleg”), jika bagian udara lebih besar dari
bagian padat=hiperesonan (“deng deng deng”), batas jantung=bunyi
rensonan----hilang>>redup.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:
suara nafas, trachea, bronchus, paru. (dengarkan dengan menggunakan
stetoskop di lapang paru kika, di RIC 1 dan 2, di atas manubrium dan di
atas trachea)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: bunyi napas vesikuler, bronchovesikuler, brochial, tracheal.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan dada evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan
yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">System kardiovaskuler</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Mengetahui ketifdak normalan denyut jantung</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Mengetahui ukuran dan bentuk jantug secara kasar</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Mengetahui bunyi jantung normal dan abnormal</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>d) Mendeteksi gangguan kardiovaskuler</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Stetoskop</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Senter kecil</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muka bibir, konjungtiva, vena jugularis, arteri karotis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">denyutan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal untuk inspeksi dan palpasi: denyutan aorta teraba.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ukuran, bentuk, dan batas jantung (lakukan dari arah samping ke tengah dada, dan dari atas ke bawah sampai bunyi redup)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: batas jantung: tidak lebih dari 4,7,10 cm ke arah kiri dari garis mid sterna, pada RIC 4,5,dan 8.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> bunyi jantung, arteri karotis. (gunakan bagian diafragma dan bell dari stetoskop untuk mendengarkan bunyi jantung. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: terdengar bunyi jantung I/S1 (lub) dan bunyi jantung II/S2 (dub), tidak ada bunyi jantung tambahan (S3 atau S4).</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan system kardiovaskuler evaluasi hasil yang di dapat
dengan membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil
pemeriksaan yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dada dan aksila</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Mengetahui adanya masa atau ketidak teraturan dalam jaringan payudara</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Mendeteksi awal adanya kanker payudara</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Sarung tangan sekali pakai (jika diperlukan)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi payudara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: Integritas kulit</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi payudara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: Bentuk, simetris, ukuran, aerola, putting, dan penyebaran vena</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi dan palpasi aksila: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nyeri, perbesaran nodus limfe, konsistensi.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan dadadan aksila evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan
yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Abdomen (Perut)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi klien: Berbaring</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Mengetahui betuk dan gerakan-gerakan perut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Mendengarkan suara peristaltic usus</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Meneliti tempat nyeri tekan, organ-organ dalam rongga perut benjolan dalam perut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>a) Posisi klien: Berbaring</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>b) Stetoskop</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>c) Penggaris kecil</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>d) Pensil gambar</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>e) Bntal kecil</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>f) Pita pengukur</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
: kuadran dan simetris, contour, warna kulit, lesi, scar, ostomy,
distensi, tonjolan, pelebaran vena, kelainan umbilicus, dan
gerakan dinding perut.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal:
simetris kika, warna dengan warna kulit lain, tidak ikterik tidak
terdapat ostomy, distensi, tonjolan, pelebaran vena, kelainan umbilicus.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
: suara peristaltik (bising usus) di semua kuadran (bagian
diafragma dari stetoskop) dan suara pembuluh darah dan friction rub
:aorta, a.renalis, a. illiaka (bagian bell).</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: suara peristaltic terdengar setiap 5-20x/dtk, terdengar denyutan arteri renalis, arteri iliaka dan aorta.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi semua kuadran </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:
mulai dari kuadran kanan atas bergerak searah jarum jam,
perhatikan jika klien merasa nyeri dan bagaiman kualitas bunyinya.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi hepar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: Batas</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi Limfa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: ukuran dan batas</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi ginjal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: nyeri</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: timpani, bila hepar dan limfa membesar=redup dan apabila banyak cairan =</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>hipertimpani </i></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi semua kuadran </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(hepar,
limfa, ginjal kiri dan kanan): massa, karakteristik organ, adanya
asistes, nyeri irregular, lokasi, dan nyeri.dengan cara perawat
menghangatkan tangan terlebih dahulu</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: tidak teraba penonjolan tidak ada nyeri tekan, tidak ada massa dan penumpukan cairan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan abdomen evaluasi hasil yang di dapat dengan
membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil
pemeriksaan yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11 <span>Pemeriksaan ekstermitas atas (bahu, siku, tangan)</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan :</span></b></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperoleh data dasar tetang otot, tulang dan persendian</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui adanya mobilitas, kekuatan atau adanya gangguan pada bagian-bagian tertentu.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat :</span></b></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meteran </span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi klien: Berdiri. duduk</span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi struktur muskuloskletal : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">simetris dan pergerakan, Integritas ROM, kekuatan dan tonus otot.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: simetris kika, integritas kulit baik, ROM aktif, kekuatan otot penuh.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palapasi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> denyutan a.brachialis dan a. radialis .</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: teraba jelas</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes reflex </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:tendon trisep, bisep, dan brachioradialis.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: reflek bisep dan trisep positif</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan ekstermitas atas evaluasi hasil yang di dapat
dengan membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil
pemeriksaan yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Pemeriksaan ekstermitas bawah (panggul, lutut, pergelangan kaki dan telapak </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>kaki)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi struktur muskuloskletal : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">simetris dan pergerakan, integritas kulit, posisi dan letak, ROM, kekuatan dan tonus otot</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal<b>: </b>simetris kika, integritas kulit baik, ROM aktif, kekuatan otot penuh</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: a. femoralis, a. poplitea, a. dorsalis pedis: denyutan</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: teraba jelas</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes reflex </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:tendon patella dan archilles.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: reflex patella dan archiles positif</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan ekstermitas bawah evaluasi hasil yang di
dapat dengan membandingkan dengan keadaan normal, dan
dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13 <span>Pemeriksaan genitalia (alat genital, anus, rectum)</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi Klien : Pria berdiri dan wanita litotomy</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat dan mengetahui organ-organ yang termasuk dalam genetalia.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
adanya abnormalitas pada genetalia, misalnya varises, edema,
tumor/ benjolan, infeksi, luka atau iritasi, pengeluaran cairan
atau darah.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan perawatan genetalia</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui kemajuan proses persalinan pada ibu hamil atau persalinan.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampu yang dapat diatur pencahayaannya</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarung tangan</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan rectum</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui kondisi anus dan rectum</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan adanya masa atau bentuk tidak teratur dari dinding rektal</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui intregritas spingter anal eksternal</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memeriksa kangker rectal dll</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarung tangan sekali pakai</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat pelumas</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penetangan untuk pemeriksaan</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Pelaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wanita:</span></b></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi genitalia eksternal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: mukosa kulit, integritas kulit, contour simetris, edema, pengeluaran.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: bersih, mukosa lembab, integritas kulit baik, semetris tidak ada edema dan tanda-tanda infeksi (pengeluaran pus /bau)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi vagina dan servik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : integritas kulit, massa, pengeluaran</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi vagina, uterus dan ovarium</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: letak ukuran, konsistensi dan, massa</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan anus dan rectum</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: feses, nyeri, massa edema, haemoroid, fistula ani pengeluaran dan perdarahan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: tidak ada nyeri, tidak terdapat edema / hemoroid/ polip/ tanda-tanda infeksi dan pendarahan.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan di adakan pemeriksaan genitalia evaluasi hasil
yang di dapat dengan membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan
dokumentasikan hasil pemeriksaan yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pria:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi dan palpasi penis: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Integritas kulit, massa dan pengeluaran</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: integritas kulit baik, tidak ada masa atau pembengkakan, tidak ada pengeluaran pus atau darah</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi dan palpassi skrotum:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> integritas kulit, ukuran dan bentuk, turunan testes dan mobilitas, massa, nyeri dan tonjolan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan anus dan rectum : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">feses, nyeri, massa, edema, hemoroid, fistula ani, pengeluaran dan perdarahan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: tidak ada nyeri , tidak terdapat edema / hemoroid/ polip/ tanda-tanda infeksi dan pendarahan.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
diadakan pemeriksaan dadadan genitalia wanita evaluasi hasil yang di
dapat dengan membandikan dengan keadaan normal, dan dokumentasikan hasil
pemeriksaan yang didapat tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6. Evaluasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Perawat
bertanggung jawab untuk asuhan keperawatan yang mereka berikan dengan
mengevaluasi hasil intervensi keperawatan. Keterampilan pengkajian fisik
meningkatkan evaluasi tindakan keperawatan melalui pemantauan hasil
asuhan fisiologis dan perilaku. Keterampilan pengkajian fisik yang sama
di gunakan untuk mengkaji kondisi dapat di gunakan sebagai tindakan
evaluasi setelah asuhan diberikan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Perawat membuat pengukuran yang akurat, terperinci, dan objektif
melalui pengkajian fisik. Pengukuran tersebut menentukan tercapainya
atau tidak hasil asuhan yang di harapkan. Perawat tidak bergantung
sepenuhnya pada intuisi ketika pengkajian fisik dapat digunakan untuk
mengevaluasi keefektifan asuhan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.7. Dokumentasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat
dapat memilih untuk mencatat hasil dari pengkajian fisik pada
pemeriksaan atau pada akhir pemeriksaan. Sebagian besar institusi
memiliki format khusus yang mempermudah pencatatan data pemeriksaan.
Perawat meninjau semua hasil sebelum membantu klien berpakaian, untuk
berjaga-jaga seandainya perlu memeriksa kembali informasi atau
mendapatkan data tambahan. Temuan dari pengkajian fisik dimasukkan ke
dalam rencana asuhan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data di dokumentasikan berdasarkan format SOAPIE, yang hamper sama dengan langkah-langkah proses keperawatan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Format SOAPIE, terdiri dari:</span></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data (riwayat) Subjektif, yaitu apa yang dilaporkan klien</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data (fisik) Objektif, yaitu apa yang di observasi, inspeksi, palpasi, perkusi dan auskultasi oleh perawat.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Assessment (pengkajian) , yaitu diagnose keperawatan dan pernyataan tentang kemajuan atau kemunduran klien</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Plan (Perencanaan), yaitu rencana perawatan klien</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Implementation (pelaksanaan), yaitu intervensi keperawatan dilakukan berdasarkan rencana</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluation (evaluasi), yaitu tinjauan hasil rencana yang sudah di implementasikan.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1. Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Pemeriksaan
fisik dalah pemeriksaan tubuh klien secara keseluruhan atau hanya
bagian tertentu yang dianggap perlu, untuk memperoleh data yang
sistematif dan komprehensif, memastikan/membuktikan hasil anamnesa,
menentukan masalah dan merencanakan tindakan keperawatan yang tepat bagi
klien.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
fisik Mutlak dilakukan pada setiap klien, tertama pada klien yang baru
masuk ke tempat pelayanan kesehatan untuk di rawat, secara rutin pada
klien yang sedang di rawat, sewaktu-waktu sesuai kebutuhan klien. Jadi
pemeriksaan fisik ini sangat penting dan harus di lakukan pada kondisi
tersebut, baik klien dalam keadaan sadar maupun tidak sadar.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
fisik menjadi sangat penting karena sangat bermanfaat, baik untuk untuk
menegakkan diagnosa keperawatan . memilih intervensi yang tepat untuk
proses keperawatan, maupun untuk mengevaluasi hasil dari asuhan
keperawatan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2. Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Agar
pemeriksaan fisik dapat dilakukan dengan baik, maka perawat harus
memahami ilmu pemeriksaan fisik dengan sempurna dan pemeriksaan fisik
ini harus dilakukan secara berurutan, sistematis, dan dilakukan dengan
prosedur yang benar.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-40057140443345317542013-04-22T23:26:00.001-07:002013-04-22T23:26:20.663-07:00ASKEP Otitis Media<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Otitis media adalah inflamasi pada bagian telinga tengah.
Otitis media sebenarnya adalah diagnosa yang paling sering dijumpai pada anak –
anak di bawah usia 15 tahun. Ada 3 ( tiga ) jenis otitis media yang paling umum
ditemukan di klinik, yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
· Otitis Media Akut</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
· Otitis Media Serosa (Otitis media dengan efusi)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
· Otitis Media Kronik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Otitis media akut adalah keadaan dimana terdapatnya cairan
di dalam telinga tengah dengan tanda dan gejala infeksi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Otitis media serosa / efusi adalah keadaan terdapatnya
cairan di dalam telinga tengah tanpa adanya tanda dan gejala infeksi aktif.
Secara teori, cairan ini sebagai akibat tekanan negative dalam telinga tengah
yang disebabkan oleh obstruksi tuba eustachii. Pada penyakit ini, tidak ada
agen penyebab definitive yang telah diidentifikasi, meskipun otitis media
dengan efusi lebih banyak terdapat pada anak yang telah sembuh dari otitis
media akut dan biasanya dikenal dengan “glue ear”. Bila terjadi pada orang
dewasa, penyebab lain yang mendasari terjadinya disfungsi tuba eustachii harus
dicari. Efusi telinga tengah sering terlihat pada pasien setelah mengalami
radioterapi dan barotrauma ( eg : penyelam ) dan pada pasien dengan disfungsi tuba
eustachii akibat infeksi atau alergi saluran napas atas yang terjadi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Otitis media kronik sendiri adalah kondisi yang berhubungan
dengan patologi jaringan irreversible dan biasanya disebabkan oleh episode
berulang otitis media akut yang tak tertangani. Sering berhubungan dengan
perforasi menetap membrane timpani. Infeksi kronik telinga tengah tak hanya
mengakibatkan kerusakan membrane timpani tetapi juga dapat menghancurkan
osikulus dan hampir selalu melibatkan mastoid. Sebelum penemuan antibiotic, infeksi
mastoid merupakan infeksi yang mengancam jiwa. Sekarang, penggunaan antibiotic
yang bijaksana pada otitis media akut telah menyebabkan mastoiditis koalesens
akut menjadi jarang. Kebanyakan kasus mastoiditis akut sekarang ditemukan pada
pasien yang tidak mendapatkan perawatan telinga yang memadai dan mengalami
infeksi telinga yang tak ditangani. Mastoiditis kronik lebih sering, dan
beberapa dari infeksi kronik ini, dapat mengakibatkan pembentukan kolesteatoma,
yang merupakan pertumbuhan kulit ke dalam ( epitel skuamosa ) dari lapisan luar
membrane timpani ke telinga tengah. Kulit dari membrane timpani lateral
membentuk kantong luar, yang akan berisi kulit yang telah rusak dan bahan
sebaseus. Kantong dapat melekat ke struktur telinga tengah dan mastoid. Bila
tidak ditangani, kolesteatoma dapat tumbuh terus dan menyebabkan paralysis
nervus fasialis ( N. Cranial VII ), kehilangan pendengaran sensorineural dan/
atau gangguan keseimbangan (akibat erosi telinga dalam) dan abses otak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Etiologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Penyebab utama otitis media akut adalah masuknya bakteri
patogenik ke dalam telinga tengah yang normalnya adalah steril. Paling sering
terjadi bila terdapat disfungsi tuba eustachii seperti obstruksi yang
disebabkan oleh infeksi saluran pernafasan atas, inflamasi jaringan disekitarnya
(eg : sinusitis, hipertrofi adenoid) atau reaksi alergik ( eg : rhinitis
alergika). Bakteri yang umum ditemukan sebagai organisme penyebab adalah
Streptococcus peneumoniae, Hemophylus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, dan
Moraxella catarrhalis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Patofisiologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Pada gangguan ini biasanya terjadi disfungsi tuba eustachii
seperti obstruksi yang diakibatkan oleh infeksi saluran nafas atas, sehingga
timbul tekanan negative di telinga tengah. Sebaliknya, terdapat gangguan
drainase cairan telinga tengah dan kemungkinan refluks sekresi esophagus ke
daerah ini yang secara normal bersifat steril. Cara masuk bakteri pada
kebanyakan pasien kemungkinan melalui tuba eustachii akibat kontaminasi secret
dalam nasofaring. Bakteri juga dapat masuk telinga tengah bila ada perforasi
membran tymphani. Eksudat purulen biasanya ada dalam telinga tengah dan
mengakibatkan kehilangan pendengaran konduktif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Manifestasi Klinis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Otitis Media Akut</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Gejala otitis media dapat bervariasi menurut beratnya
infeksi dan bisa sangat ringan dan sementara atau sangat berat. Keadaan ini
biasanya unilateral pada orang dewasa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
· Membrane tymphani merah, sering menggelembung tanpa
tonjolan tulang yang dapat dilihat, tidak bergerak pada otoskopi pneumatic (
pemberian tekanan positif atau negative pada telinga tengah dengan insulator
balon yang dikaitkan ke otoskop ), dapat mengalami perforasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
· Otorrhea, bila terjadi rupture membrane tymphani</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
· Keluhan nyeri telinga ( otalgia )</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
· Demam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
· Anoreksia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
· Limfadenopati servikal anterior</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Otitis Media Serosa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Pasien mungkin mengeluh kehilangan pendengaran, rasa penuh
atau gatal dalam telinga atau perasaan bendungan, atau bahkan suara letup atau
berderik, yang terjadi ketika tuba eustachii berusaha membuka. Membrane
tymphani tampak kusam (warna kuning redup sampai abu-abu pada otoskopi
pneumatik, dan dapat terlihat gelembung udara dalam telinga tengah. Audiogram
biasanya menunjukkan adanya kehilangan pendengaran konduktif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Otitis Media Kronik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Gejala dapat minimal, dengan berbagai derajat kehilangan
pendengaran dan terdapat otorrhea intermitten atau persisten yang berbau busuk.
Biasanya tidak ada nyeri kecuali pada kasus mastoiditis akut, dimana daerah
post aurikuler menjadi nyeri tekan dan bahkan merah dan edema. Kolesteatoma,
sendiri biasanya tidak menyebabkan nyeri. Evaluasi otoskopik membrane timpani
memperlihatkan adanya perforasi, dan kolesteatoma dapat terlihat sebagai masa
putih di belakang membrane timpani atau keluar ke kanalis eksterna melalui
lubang perforasi. Kolesteatoma dapat juga tidak terlihat pada pemeriksaan oleh
ahli otoskopi. Hasil audiometric pada kasus kolesteatoma sering memperlihatkan
kehilangan pendengaran konduktif atau campuran.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Pemeriksaan Diagnostik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
1. Otoscope untuk melakukan auskultasi pada bagian telinga
luar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
2. Timpanogram untuk mengukur keseuaian dan kekakuan
membrane timpani</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
3. Kultur dan uji sensitifitas ; dilakukan bila dilakukan
timpanosentesis (Aspirasi jarum dari telinga tengah melalui membrane timpani).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Penatalaksanaan Medis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Hasil penatalaksanaan otitis media bergantung pada
efektifitas terapi ( e.g : dosis antibiotika oral yang diresepkan dan durasi
terapi ), virulensi bakteri, dan status fisik klien</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Antibiotik dapat digunakan untuk otitis media akut. Pilihan
pertama adalah Amoksisilin; pilihan kedua – digunakan bila diperkirakan
organismenya resisten terhadap amoksisilin – adalah amoksisilin dengan
klavulanat (Augmentin ; sefalosporin generasi kedua), atau trimetoprin
sulfametoksazol. Pada klien yang alergi penisilin, dapat diberikan eritronmisin
dan sulfonamide atau trimetoprim – sulfa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Untuk otitis media serosa ( otitis media dengan efusi ),
terapi yang umum dilakukan adalah menunggu. Keadaan ini umumnya sembuh sendiri
dalam 2 bulan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Untuk otitis media serosa yang persisten, dianjurkan untuk
melakukan miringotomi. Miringotomi adalah prosedur bedah dengan memasukkan
selang penyeimbang tekanan ke dalam membrane timpani. Hal ini memungkinkan
ventilasi dari telinga tengah, mengurangi tekanan negative dan memungkinkan
drainase cairan. Selang itu umumnya lepas sendiri setelah 6 sampai 12 bulan.
Kemungkinan komplikasinya adala atrofi membrane timpani, timpanosklerosis
(parut pada membrane timpani), perforasi kronik, dan kolesteatoma.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN KLIEN OTITIS MEDIA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Pengkajian</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Kaji adanya perilaku nyeri verbal dan non verbal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Kaji adanya peningkatan suhu (indikasi adanya proses
infeksi)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Kaji adanya pembesaran kelenjar limfe di daerah leher</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Kaji status nutrisi dan keadekuatan asupan cairan
berkalori</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Kaji kemungkinan tuli.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Diagnosa Keperawatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Nyeri R/t Inflamasi pada jaringan telinga tengah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Perubahan Sensori – Persepsi ; Auditorius R/t Gangguan
penghantaran bunyi pada organ pendengaran</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Gangguan Body Image R/t paralysis nervus fasialis ; facial
palsy</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Ancietas R/t Prosedur pembedahan ; Miringopalsty /
mastoidektomi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Intervensi Keperawatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Nyeri R/t proses inflamasi pada jaringan telinga tengah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Tujuan : Penurunan rasa nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Intervensi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Kaji tingkat intensitas klien & mekanisme koping klien</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Berikan analgetik sesuai indikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Alihkan perhatian klien dengan menggunakan teknik – teknik
relaksasi : distraksi, imajinasi terbimbing, touching, dll</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v perubahan sensori – persepsi ; Auditorius R/t Gangguan
penghantaran bunyi pada organ pendengaran.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Tujuan : memperbaiki komunikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
Intervensi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o mengurangi kegaduhan pada lingkungan klien</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Memandang klien ketika sedang berbicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Berbicara jelas dan tegas pada klien tanpa perlu berteriak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Memberikan pencahayaan yang memadai bila klien bergantung
pada gerab bibir</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Menggunakan tanda – tanda nonverbal ( mis. Ekspresi wajah,
menunjuk, atau gerakan tubuh ) dan bentuk komunikasi lainnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Instruksikan kepada keluarga atau orang terdekat klien
tentang bagaimana teknik komunikasi yang efektif sehingga mereka dapat saling
berinteraksi dengan klien</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Bila klien menginginkan dapat digunakan alat bantu
pendengaran.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Gangguan Body Image R/t paralysis nervus fasialis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Kaji tingkat kecemasan dan mekanisme koping klien terlebih
dahulu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Beritahukan pada klien kemungkinan terjadinya fasial palsy
akibat tindak lanjut dari penyakit tersebut</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Informasikan bahwa keadaan ini biasanya hanya bersifat
sementara dan akan hilang dengan pengobatan yang teratur dan rutin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
v Ancietas R/t prosedur pembedahan ; miringoplasty /
mastoidektomi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Kaji tingkat kecemasan klien dan anjurkan klien untuk
mengungkapkan kecemasan serta keprihatinannya mengenai pembedahan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Informasi mengenai pembedahan dan lingkungan ruang operasi
penting untuk diketahui klien sebelum pembedahan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: blue;">
o Mendiskusikan harapan pasca operatif dapat membantu
mengurangi ansietas mengenai hal – hal yang tidak diketahui klien.</div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-38871836068810032342013-04-22T23:25:00.002-07:002013-04-22T23:25:27.933-07:00Transfusi Darah<span style="color: blue;">Pada pelayanan dan asuhan kebidanan mungkin membutuhkan transfusi darah.
Sangatlah penting untuk menggunakan darah, produk darah, atau cairan
pengganti yang sesuai dan memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip yang dibuat
untuk membantu tenaga medis dalam memutuskan kapan (dan kapan tidak)
melakukan transfusi.<br /><br />Penggunaan produk darah yang sesuai
didefinisikan sebagai transfusi produk darah yang aman untuk mengobati
kondisi-kondisi yang akan mengarah morbiditas dan mor¬talitas, yang
tidak dapat dihindarkan atau ditangani secara efektif oleh cara lain</span><ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;"> Perdarahan pascapersalinan dengan syok </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kehilangan darah saat operasi </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Anemia berat pada kehamilan lanjut </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Catatan :</span> Untuk anemia pada kehamilan awal, obati penyebab anemia dan sediakan hematinik.<br />Rumah
Sakit Kabupaten seyogyanya mempunyai fasilitas untuk transfusi darah
setiap saat. Seharusnya setiap unit pelayanan kebidanan dapat
menyediakan darah, terutama tipe 0 dan FFP (Fresh Frozen Plasma) untuk
menyelamatkan jiwa.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">PENGGUNAAN PRODUK DARAH YANG TIDAK TEPAT</span><br /><br />Jika
digunakan secara tepat, transfusi darah dapat menyelamatkan jiwa dan
memperbaiki status kesehatan. Namun, terapi ini juga dapat menimbulkan
komplikasi akut juga mempunyai risiko teljadinya transmisi zat-zat
infeksius. Ditambah lagi terapi ini mahal dengan sumber yang terbatas.<br /><br />Transfusi sering tidak diperlukan karena :</span><ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kondisi yang tampaknya membutuhkan transfusi, sering dapat dihindari dengan pengobatan dini atau upaya pencegahan. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Transfusi
darah lengkap, sel darah merah, atau plasma sering diberikan untuk
menyiapkan secara cepat seorang ibu untuk menjalani pembedahan yang
direncanakan, atau untuk memulihkan kondisi tubuh agar dapat keluar dari
rumah sakit lebih cepat. Terapi lain, seperti infus cairan,
kadang-kadang lebih murah, lebih aman, dan sama efektifnya.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />Transfusi yang tidak tepat dapat mengakibatkan :</span><ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Meningkatkan peluang ibu pada risiko-risiko yang tidak perlu. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Menyebabkan
menipisnya persediaan produk darah untuk ibu-ibu yang benar-benar
membutuhkan, sementara produk darah merupakan sumber daya yang terbatas
dan mahal. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">RESIKO TRANSFUSI</span></span><br /><br />Sebelum
memberikan darah atau produk darah untuk seorang ibu, sangatlah penting
untuk mempertimbangkan risiko transfusi dibandingkan dengan risiko
tidak melakukan transfusi.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Resiko Transfusi dengan </span></span>Darah Lengkap atau Transfusi Sel Darah Merah </span><br /></span><ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Reaksi transfusi </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Infeksi HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, sifilis, malaria </span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Kontaminasi bakteri lainnya jika dibuat atau disimpan secara tidak benar </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Resiko transfusi plasma</span><br /></span><ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Infeksi seperti di atas </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Reaksi transfusi </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Sangat
sedikit indikasi yang jelas dari transfusi plasma (seperti koagulopati)
dan bahkan risikonya sering melebihi keuntungan yang mungkin dirasakan
oleh ibu. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Upaya Mengurangi Risiko </span><br /></span><ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Seleksi donor darah </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Penapisan
infeksi yang dapat ditularkan melalui transfusi (khususnya HIV-l,
HIV-2, HeV, HbsAg, Treponema pallidum) Program menjaga mutu </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Penanganan
yang baik terhadap penentuan golongan darah, tes kompatibilitas,
pemisahan komponen darah, penyimpanan, dan transportasi produk darah </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Penggunaan darah dan produk darah seeara tepat </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">PRINSIP TRANSFUSI DARAH</span></span><br /><br />Transfusi
darah hanya merupakan satu elemen dari penanganan kasus secara
keseluruhan. Bila terjadi kehilangan darah dalam jumlah banyak dan waktu
singkat akibat perdarahan, pembedahan ataupun komplikasi dari
melahirkan, yang paling urgen adalah mengganti cairan yang hilang dengan
segera. Transfusi sel darah merah dapat menjadi penting karena akan
mengembalikan kapasitas pengangkutan 02 oleh darah.<br /><br />Kurangi kebutuhan transfusi dengan:</span><ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Penggunaan Cairan pengganti untuk resusitasi </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Minimalkan pengambilan darah untuk kepentingan pemeriksaan darah </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Gunakan teknik anestesi dan bedah terbaik untuk meminimalkan kehilangan darah selama tindakan </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">Pembersihan dan re-infus darah yang keluar selama prosedur (autotransfusi) jika mungkin </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Prinsip-prinsip yang harus diingat </span><br /><br /><span id="fullpost"><ul>
<li> Transfusi hanya merupakan satu bagian dalam penatalaksanaan seorang pasien. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
Keputusan untuk memberikan transfusi harus didasarkan pada petunjuk
nasional mengenai penggunaan klinis dari darah, dengan mempertimbangkan
kebutuhan pasien itu sendiri. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Kehilangan darah harus diminimalkan untuk mengurangi kebutuhan pasien akan trans¬fusi. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>pasien
yang kehilangan darah akut sebaiknya menerima resusitasi efektif
(eairan peng¬ganti intravena, oksigen, dan lain-lain) semen tara
kebutuhan transfusi dipertim¬bangkan. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> Kadar
hemoglobin pasien, meskipun penting, sebaiknya tidak menjadi faktor
penentu untuk memulai transfusi. Keputusan untuk melakukan transfusi
haruslah didukung oleh kebutuhan untuk menghilangkan gejala dan tanda
serta menghindari morbiditas dan mortalitas. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Klinisi seharusnya waspada terhadap risiko terkena infeksi yang ditularkan oleh transfusi produk darah yang tersedia. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Transfusi sebaiknya diberikan hanya jika keuntungannya lebih besar bagi pasien dibandingkan dengan kerugiannya. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Seorang yang terlatih sebaiknya memantau pasien yang mendapat transfusi dan segera bereaksi jika ada efek samping yang timbul. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Klinisi sebaiknya mencatat alasan dilakukannya transfusi dan memeriksa efek sam ping yang timbul. </li>
</ul>
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">MEMBERIKAN DARAH</span><br /><br />Sebaiknya berdasarkan petunjuk nasional mengenai penggunaan klinis darah, dengan mempertimbangkan kebutuhan pasien tersebut..<br /><br />Sebelum memberikan darah atau produk darah, harap diingat hal-hal berikut :<br /><ul>
<li>Perbaikan yang diharapkan pada kondisi klinis ibu tersebut. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Metode untuk meminimalkan kehilangan darah untuk mengurangi kebutuhan akan transfusi. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Terapi
alternatif yang dapat diberikan, termasuk penggantian cairan intravena
atau oksigen, sebelum mengambil keputusan untuk melakukan transfusi. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Indikasi laboratorium dan klinis yang spesifik untuk transfusi. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Risiko penularan HIV, hepatitis, sifilis, atau infeksi lainnya melalui produk darah yang tersedia . </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Keuntungan transfusi dibandingkan dengan risiko untuk ibu tertentu . </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Pilihan terapi lain jika darah tidak tersedia pada saat itu . </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Kebutuhan akan orang yang terlatih untuk memantau ibu tersebut dan segera bereaksi jika timbul efek samping. </li>
</ul>
Pada
akhirnya, jika berada dalam kebimbangan, tanyakan pada diri Anda
pertanyaan berikut : jika darah ini dimaksudkan untuk diri saya atau
anak saya, akankah saya menerima transfusi pada kondisi demikian?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">PEMANTAUAN PASIEN YANG DITRANSFUSI</span><br /><ul>
<li>Pemantauan dilakukan pada tahap : </li>
</ul>
- sebelum transfusi dimulai<br />- pada saat transfusi dimulai<br />- 15 menit sesudah transfusi mulai<br />- setiap 1 jam selama transfusi<br />- setiap 4 jam setelah transfusi selesai<br /><br /><blockquote>
Pantau
ibu dengan ketat selama 15 menit pertama transfusi dan secara teratur
ntuk mendeteksi tanda dan gejala awal reaksi yang berlawanan</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Periksa dan catat hal-hal berikut pada setiap tahap:</li>
</ul>
- nadi<br />- suhu<br />- keadaan umum<br />- tekanan darah<br />- pernapasan<br />- keseimbangan cairan (masukan cairan secara oral dan intravena, keluaran urin)<br /><ul>
<li>Catat pula: </li>
</ul>
- waktu transfusi mulai<br />- waktu transfusi selesai I<br />- volume dan jenis pro;Wk darah yang ditransfusi<br />- efek samping Lain<br />- nomor<br /><br /><span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">PENANGANAN REAKSI TRANSFUSI</span><br /><br />Reaksi
transfusi dapat ringan (ruam kulit, gatal) sampai berat (gagal ginjal,
hemolisis, syok anafilaktik). Hentikan transfusi, berikan cairan
intravena (garam fisiologik atau Ringer Laktat) semen tara membuat
penilaian awal dari reaksi transfusi akut dan cari bantuan medis. Jika
reaksinya tergolong minor, berikan prometazin 10 mg melalui oral dan
observasi.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Penanganan Syok Anafilaktik </span><br /><ul>
<li>Tata laksana syok (hal. M-l) dan berikan: </li>
</ul>
- adrenalin 1:1000 (0,1 ml dalam 100 ml NaCl atau Ringer Laktat) perlahan-lahan secara LV,<br />- prometazin 10 mg LV,<br />- dan hidrokortison 1 g LV setiap 2 jam jika perlu.<br /><ul>
<li>Jika ada bronkospasme, berikan aminofilin 250 mg dalam NaCl at au Ringer Laktat 10 ml perlahan-lahan secara LV </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Lakukan tindakan tersebut di atas sampai keadaan ibu stabil. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Pantau
tanda vital dan rujuk untuk perawatan intensif. Catat saat terjadi
reaksi trans-fusi, demikian pula catat jumlah produksi urin. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Jika
terdapat reaksi transfusi, ambil contoh/botol darah disertai darah beku
dan 1 botol berisi darah dari vena kontralateral yang diberi
antikoagulan (+EDTA). </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Jika dicurigai adanya sepsis karena darah yang telah terkontaminasi, buatlah kultur dari darah transfusi tersebut.</li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">CAIRAN PENGGANTI: ALTERNATIF SEDERHANA TERHADAP TRANSFUSI </span><br /><br />Hanya
garam fisiologik (NaCl 0,9%) atau eairan garam seimbang lainnya yang
memiliki konsentrasi yang sam a dengan natrium pada plasma, yang
merupakan eairan pengganti yang efektif. Oleh karena itu, cairan ini
harus tersedia di semua rumah sakit yang menggunakan eairan pengganti
intravena.<br /><br />Cairan pengganti' digunakan untuk menggantikan
kehilangan abnormal dari darah, plasma, atau eairan ekstraselular,
dengan eara meningkatkan volume kompartemen vaskular. Cairan pengganti
digunakan pada:<br /><br />• penatalaksanaan ibu dengan hipovolemia yang nyata (seperti syok hemoragik).<br />• penatalaksanaan ibu normovolemia dengan kehilangan cairan yang terus-menerus (pada kehilangan darah akibat pembedahan).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Terapi Pengganti Intravena </span><br /><br />Terapi
pengganti intravena merupakan terapi baris pertama untuk hipovolemia.
Pengo¬batan awal dengan eairan ini dapat menolong nyawa seseorang dan
dapat memberikan waktu untuk mengendalikan perdarahan dan mendapatkan
darah untuk transfusi jika dibu¬tuhkan.<br /><br />Untuk mengganti cairan
yang hilang, infus NaCI atau Ringer Laktat Cukup efektif, misalnya pada
syok perdarahan atau kehilangan cairan pada pembedahan.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Cairan Kristaloid</span><br /><ul>
<li>Cairan kristaloid sebagai cairan pengganti :</li>
</ul>
- konsentrasi sama dengannatrium plasma.<br />- tidak dapat memasuki sel karena membran sel tidak permeabel terhadap natrium.<br />- dapat masuk ke eruang ekstraseluler<br /><ul>
<li>Diperlukan volume cairan kristaloid sekurangnya 3 kali volume yang hilang untukmempertahankan volume intravaskular.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
Larutan
dekstrosa (glukosa) merupakan cairan pengganti yang buruk. Jangan
gunakan cairan ini untuk mengobati kasus hipovolemia kecuali tidak ada
alternatif lainnya. </blockquote>
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Cairan Koloid</span><br /><ul>
<li>Larutan
koloid terdiri atas suspensi partikel-partikel yang lebih besar
dibandingkan dengan kristaloid. Koloid cenderung untuk bertahan dalam
darah dan akan menyerupai protein plasma untuk menjaga atau meningkatkan
tekanan osmotik koloid darah.</li>
<li>Koloid hanya diberikan dengan
volume yang sesuai denga jumlah darah yang hilang. Pada banyak kondisi
dimana permeabilitas kapiler meningkat (pada trauma dansepsis) kebocoran
sirkulasi akan terjadi dan infu tambahan dibutuhkan untuk menjaga
volume darah.</li>
</ul>
<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hal-hal yang perlu diingat </span><br /><ul>
<li>Belum
terdapat bukti bahwa larutan koloid (albumin, dekstran, gelatin,
hydroxy ethyl starch) mempunyai keuntungan dibandingkan dengan garam
fisiologik ataupun la¬rutan garam lainnya untuk resusitasi.</li>
<li>Terdapat bukti bahwa larutan koloid mungkin mempunyai efek samping pada kese¬lamatan. </li>
<li>Larutan koloid lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan garam fisiologik dan larutan garam seimbang lainnya </li>
<li>Plasma
manusia sebaiknya tidak digunakan sebagai cairan pengganti. Semua
bentuk plasma mempunyai risiko yang sarna dengan darah lengkap yang
dapat rnenularkan infeksi seperti HIV dan hepatitis. </li>
<li>Air rnurni tidak pernah digunakan untuk infus intravena karena air akan menye¬babkan hemolisis dan berakibat fatal.</li>
</ul>
Sebelum memberikan cairan per infus:<br /><ul>
<li>cek segel botol/kantong cairan tidak sobek;</li>
<li>cek waktu kadaluwarsa; </li>
<li>periksa bahwa cairan terlihat jernih dan bebas dari partikel-partikel yang terlihat.</li>
</ul>
Gunakan
cairan kristaloid, seperti dekstrose atau dekstrose dalam NaCl, untuk
mengganti cairan yang keluar melalui kuIit, paru, feses, dan urin. Jika
dapat diketahui bahwa ibu tersebut akan menerima cairan LV. selama 48
jam atau lebih, infuslah dengan la¬rutan elektrolit yang seimbang
(contoh Kalium klOl'ida 1,5 g dalam 1 I cairan LV.) dengan dekstrose.
Volume cairan yang dibutuhkan seorang ibu sangat bervariasi, khususnya
jika ibu tersebut menderita demam atau memiliki suhu at au kelembaban
sekitar yang tinggi.<br /><br />Melalui oral dan sonde lambung<br /><ul>
<li>Cairan melalui oral dapat diberikan pada keadaan hipovolemi ringan dan pasien da¬pat minum.</li>
<li>Cairan per oral atau sonde lambung jangan diberikan pada: </li>
<li>hipovolemi berat, </li>
<li>pasien tidak sadar, </li>
<li>bstruksi gastrointestinal, </li>
<li>pembedahan dengan anestesi umum.</li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Melalui rektum </span><br /><ul>
<li>Tidak dapat diberikan pada pasien hipovolemi b</li>
<li>Keuntungan pemberianmelalui rektum :</li>
</ul>
- Absorpsi berhenti dan cairan dikeluarkan sewaktu hidrasi selesai.<br />- Dapat segera diabsorpsi sampai hidrasi tercapai.<br />- Cairan ini diberikan melalui suatu selang plastik atau karet yang dimasukkan ke<br />dalam rektum dan dihubungkan ke suatu kantong atau botol cairan.<br />- Kecepatan cairan dapat dikontrol dengan menggunakan set intravena.<br />- Cairan tidak perlu steril. Cairan yang cukup aman dan efektif untuk rehidrasi rektal<br />adalah 1 liter air minum ditambah 1 sendok teh garam meja.<br /><ul>
<li>Pemberian
cairan secara subkutan dianjurkan bilamana cara-cara lain tidak dapat
dilakukan, tetapi tidak bermanfaat untuk pasien hipovolemi berat. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> Cairan steril diberikan secara subkutan (biasanya pada dinding peru</li>
</ul>
</span></span>Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-58669931068232798302013-04-21T20:28:00.005-07:002013-04-21T20:28:50.024-07:00Askep Kasusu Glaukoma<div style="color: blue;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A.</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengertian </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Beberapa
pengertian menurut para ahli mengenai Glaukoma, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Long Barbara,
1996</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Glaukoma adalah
sekelompok kelainan mata yang ditandai dengan peningkatan tekanan intra okuler.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2). </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Chandler &
Grant (1977)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Glaukoma adalah
suatu keadaan pada mata, dimana ditemukan kenaikan tekanan bola mata yang sudah
menyebabkan kerusakan/kelainan pada diskus optikus dan lapang pandangan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Arif, 1999</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Suatu keadaan
tekanan intra oculer / tekanan dalam bola mata cukup besar untuk menyebabkan
kerusakan pupil, saraf optik dan kelainan lapang pandang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sidarta
Ilyas,2000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Glaukoma adalah
suatu penyakit yang memberikan gambaran klinik berupa peningkatan tekanan bola
mata, penggaungan papil saraf optik dengan defek lapang pandangan mata. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etiologi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Penyebab
terjadinya Glaukoma itu adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Glaukoma primer, yaitu:<br />
Akut (Dapat disebabkan karena trauma). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kronik<br />
Dapat disebabkan karena keturunan dalam keluarga seperti : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diabetes
mellitus,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hipertensi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Arterisklerosis ,
Pemakaian kortikosteroid jangka panjang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Miopia tinggi dan progresif. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2).Dari etiologi diatas
dapat menyebabkan sudut bilik mata yang sempit.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sekunder </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
Disebabkan penyakit mata lain seperti : Katarak, Perubahan lensa, kelainan
uvea, Pembedahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA KLIEN DENGAN GLAUKOMA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">KASUS PEMICU</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tn w 40thn dirawat di RS karena kehilangan
penglihatan,sisi samping (perifer), sakit kepala, penglihatan kabur, melihat
pelangi bila melihat sumbar cahaya terang. Pada pemeriksaan didpat pupil yang
lebar dan iregular, edem perifer corne, kongesti pembuluh darah episkleral dan
konjungtiva, COA yang sempit. Pemeriksaan tonometri TIO diatas 21mmHg, diduga
faktor utama yang berperan dalam meningkatnya TIO, antara lain karena kecepatan
produksi Aqueos humor oleh badan silia, resitensi aliran aqueos humor melalui
jaringan trabekular dan kanal schlemna/ tekanan vena epislera. Dokter
berkolaborasi dengan perawat dalam pemberian tetes mata beta bloker(trimolol,
betaxolol, cateolol, levobunolol, metripranolol) yang kemungkinan akan
mengurangi pembentukan cairan di dalam mata dan TIO.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengkajian </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">I.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Identitas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
Tn.W </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jenis kelamin<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Laki-laki </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Umur<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
40 tahun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Status perkawinan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Sudah Menikah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
SMP </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Suku/Bangsa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Alamat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
Ds Semanding - Tuban </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pekerjaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Petugas parkir </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sumber informasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pasien </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">II.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Keluhan Utama : penglihatan kabur </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">III.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Riwayat
Keperawatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Tn.W
dibawa ke RS karena mengalami penglihatan kabur setelah kemarin menglami benturan
pada matanya saat bekerja. Tn.W juga merasakan tidak dapat melihat di sisi
samping, dan sellu melihat ada pelangi saat melihat lampu yg terang. Setelah
mengalami benturan, mata Tn.W dikompres istrinya dengan air dingin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Q<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: penglihatan
kabur dirasakan setelah Tn.W mengalami benturan pada matanya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">R <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: di daerah
matanya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
penglihatan yang kabur dirasakan sangat mengganggu aktivitas pekerjaan Tn.W,
sampai-sampai beliau sering berpegangan saat berjalan karena takut jatuh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">T <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
penglihatan kabur lebih dirasakan saat siang hari dan saat malam hari jika
terkena sinar lampu. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Riwayat
Penyakit Dahulu : Tn.W tidak pernah mengalami penyakit mata sebelumnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Riwayat
Penyakit Keluarga : menurut keterangan klien tidak ada keluarga yang mmiliki
penyakit mata dan DM serta HT.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">IV.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Observasi dan Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Keadaan Umum : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mata Tn.W
terlihat masih memar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tn.W tampak
lelah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mata Tn.W
terlihat merah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TTV :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S : 37 celcius
(normal 36,5 – 37,5 celcius) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">N : 80 x/menit
( 60 – 100 x/menit)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TD : 120/80mmHg
(<=120-130, <=80 mmHg)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">RR : 18 x/menit
(16 – 20 x/menit) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">V.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Body System</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B1 (Breathing)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tn.W tampak
lelah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bentuk dada
normal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tidak menggunakan
otot bantu pernapasan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PCH (-) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Suara
pernapasan tambahan (-)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pola napas
teratur dengan RR 18 x/mnt </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B2 (Blood)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Didapatkan
tekanan darah yang normal (120/80 mmHg)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nadi normal
(Nadi 80 x/mnt)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tidak ada
sianosis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">CRT normal
(< 3 detik)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B3 (Brain)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Terlihat cemas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kesadaran
compos mentis dengan GCS 456</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pupil yg
melabar dan irreguler </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Edema epitel
kornea </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Congesti pemda
episkleral & konjungtiva </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">COA sempit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan TIO
> 21 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Saat dirangsang
cahaya yang terang pasien mengeluh melihat pelangi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B4 (Bladder)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Produksi urin
normal min 400 cc/hari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tdk ada
pemberian ciaran parenteral </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B5 (Bowel)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Anorexia </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">BB mnurun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mulut bersih </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Peristaltik
meningkat 25 x/mnt </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B6 (Bone)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tn.W terlihat
lelah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mampu
mggerakkan sendi dg bebas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">V.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Pemeriksaan penunjang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tonometri : Alat ini berguna untuk menilai tekanan
intraokular. Tekanan bola mata normal berkisar antara 10-21 mmHg.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gonioskopi : Sudut bilik mata depan merupakan tempat
penyaluran keluar humor akueus. Dengan gonioskopi kita berusaha menilai keadaan
sudut tersebut, apakah terbuka, sempit atau tertutup ataukah terdapat
abnormalitas pada sudut tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Penilaian diskus optikus : menggunakan opthalmoskop
kita bisa mengukur rasio cekungan-diskus (cup per disc ratio-CDR). CDR yang
perlu diperhatikan jika ternyata melebihi 0,5 karena hal itu menunjukkan
peningkatan tekanan intraokular yang signifikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan lapang pandang : penting dilakukan untuk
mendiagnosis dan menindaklanjuti pasien glaukoma. Lapang pandang glaukoma
memang akan berkurang karena peningkatan TIO akan merusakan papil saraf
optikus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ANALISA DATA </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Analisa data 1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="color: blue;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 38.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 551px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 179.2pt;" valign="top" width="239">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>DATA </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.95pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>ETIOLOGI </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>PROBLEM </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 356.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 356.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 179.2pt;" valign="top" width="239">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Ds : <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Tn.W mengatakan penglihatannya kabur setelah mngalami benturan pada
matanya saat bekerja <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Do : <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
keadaan umum
& pemfis <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Mata Tn.W
terlihat masih memar<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Tn.W tampak
lelah <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Mata Tn.W
terlihat merah <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pupil yg melabar
dn irreguler <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Edema epitel
kornea <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Congesti pemda
episkleral & konjungtiva <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>COA sempit <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Saat dirangsang
cahay yg terang pasien mengeluh melihat pelangi <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pemeriksaan
tonometry : TIO > 21 mmHg<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 356.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.95pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Trauma mata<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Peningkatan Tekanan Intra
Okuli (TIO)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Penekanan bola mata oleh
cairan aqueus<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span>Tekanan pada syaraf optic
retina<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /></span>Kerusakan syaraf optic dan
retina<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Penipisan serat syaraf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan inti<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span>bag.dalam retina<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Atrofi discus opticus<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span>Hilangnya pandangan perifer<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Gangguan persepsi sensori
(penglihtan)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 356.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Gangguan persepsi sensori
(penglihatan)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Analisa data 2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: blue; margin-left: 38.9pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.95pt;" valign="top" width="220">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Data</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Etiologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.95pt;" valign="top" width="220">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DS :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Klien mengatakan penglihatan
kabur, sakit kepala dan seperti melihat pelangi bila melihat cahaya yang
terang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DO :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keadaan Umum :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pupil melebar dan terkadang irreguler</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Edema epitel kornea</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lemah, Lelah, Pergerakan klien berkurang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TTV :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TD : 110/80 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">N<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 80x/menit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 38 C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 3.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">RR : 20x/menit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Irreversible
(kebutaan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pembedahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Interupsi
(insisi bedah)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">C.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DIAGNOSA
KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gangguan
persepsi sensori : penglihatan berhubungan dengan gangguan penerimaan
sensori</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri berhubungan dengan
interupsi / insisi bedah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">D.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">INTERVENSI KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="color: blue;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -1.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 609px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Hari/tgl</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">No. Diagnosa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 139.45pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Intervensi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rasional</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 342.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21 Maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gngguan persepsi sensori (penglihatan) b.d hilangnya
pandangan perifer sekunder dr peningkatan TIO > 21 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tujuan : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Dalam waktu 3x24 jam menunjukkan
penggunaan penglihatan yang optimal <b> </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Criteria hasil ;</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pasien berpartisipasi dalam program
pengobatan <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pasien akan mempertahankan lapang
ketajaman penglihatan lebih lanjut<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pemeriksaan TIO kmbali normal antara
10-21 mmHg<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>COA kembali luas<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pupil normal jka diberi rangsang chaya
akan mengecil<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Dan klien tdk melihat pelangi lg saat
dirangsang chaya terang<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 139.45pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>Kaji derajat / tipe kehilangan
penglihatan <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>Dorong klien untuk mengekspresikan
perasaan tentang kehilangan / kemungkinan kehilangan penglihatan<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lakukan tindakan untuk membantu pasien untuk
menangani keterbatasan penglihatan, contoh, atur perabot, perbaiki sinar dan
masalah penglihatan malam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolaborasi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Berikan obat tetes mata beta bloker misalnya
timolol, betaxolol, cartexolol, levabunolol, metipranolol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>mengetahui harapan masa depan klien
dan pilihan intervensi<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>intervensi dini untuk mencegah kebutaan,
klien menghadapi kemungkinan / mengalami kehilangan penglihatan sebagian atau
total. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dapat mempermudah pasien dlm beraktivitas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dapat mengurangi TIO dan mengontrol TIO, mencegah kehilangan penglihatan lebih lanjut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 342.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Selasa 20 maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tujuan : </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Nyeri hilang atau berkurang<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kriteria Hasil</b> :<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Setelah dilakukan perawatan 1x24 jam
pasien mengatakan nyerinya berkurang.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 139.45pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kaji tingkat nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pantau derajat nyeri mata setiap 30 menit selama
fase akut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Siapkan pasien untuk pembedahan sesuai peranan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pertahankan tirah baring ketat pada posisi semi
fowler</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">berikan lingkungan gelap dan terang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengetahui tingkat nyeri untuk memudahkan
intervensi selanjutnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk mengidentifikasi kemajuan atau
penyimpangan dari hasil yang diharapkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setelah TIO terkontrol pada glaucoma sudut
terbuka, pembedahan harus dilakukan untuk secara permanen menghilangkan blok
pupil.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tekanan pada mata ditingkatkan bila tubuh
datar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stress dan sinar mienimbulkan TIO yang
mecetuskan nyeri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">E.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">IMPLEMENTASI
KEPERAWATAN </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="color: blue;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">HARI/TGL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DIAGNOSA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">JAM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Implementasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.75pt;" valign="top" width="40">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TTD</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 199.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Selasa/ 13
maret</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan persepsi sensori (penglihatan) b.d
hilangnya pandangan perifer sekunder dr peningkatan TIO > 21 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">07.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>Mengkaji derajat / tipe kehilangan
penglihatan <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>Mendorong klien untuk mengekspresikan
perasaan tentang kehilangan / kemungkinan kehilangan penglihatan<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Melakukan tindakan untuk membantu pasien untuk
menangani keterbatasan penglihatan, contoh, mengatur perabot, perbaiki sinar
dan masalah penglihatan malam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Memberikan obat tetes mata : beta bloker (timolol)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.75pt;" valign="top" width="40"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 199.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Selasa/20
maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan rasa
nyaman nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mengkaji tingkat nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Memantau derajat nyeri mata setiap 30 menit selama
fase akut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Menyiapkan pasien untuk pembedahan sesuai peranan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mempertahankan tirah baring ketat pada posisi semi
fowler</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lingkungan gelap dan terang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.75pt;" valign="top" width="40"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<b style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">F.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">EVALUASI
KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="color: blue;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">HARI/TGL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.45pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DIAGNOSA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 241.05pt;" valign="top" width="321">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Evaluasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.7pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TTD</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 229.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 229.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rabu, 13
maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 229.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.45pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan persepsi sensori (penglihatan) b.d
hilangnya pandangan perifer sekunder dr peningkatan TIO > 21 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 229.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 241.05pt;" valign="top" width="321">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S : Tn.W mengatakan penglihatan sudah tdk kabur lagi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">O : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -16.65pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan tonometry TIO 15 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -16.65pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Visus/ ketajaman 6/6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>COA kembali luas<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pupil mengecil saat diberi chaya<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -16.65pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Dan klien tdk melihat pelangi lg saat
dirangsang chaya terang<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A : masalah teratasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">P : hentikan intervensi, pertahankan hasil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 229.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.7pt;" valign="top" width="62"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 175.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">- klien
tampak sehat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">- wajah klien
tampak lebih rileks</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keadaan umum klien kembali normal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-67368438545853856602013-04-21T20:28:00.003-07:002013-04-21T20:28:36.234-07:00Askep Kasusu Glaukoma<div style="color: blue;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A.</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengertian </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Beberapa
pengertian menurut para ahli mengenai Glaukoma, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Long Barbara,
1996</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Glaukoma adalah
sekelompok kelainan mata yang ditandai dengan peningkatan tekanan intra okuler.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2). </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Chandler &
Grant (1977)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Glaukoma adalah
suatu keadaan pada mata, dimana ditemukan kenaikan tekanan bola mata yang sudah
menyebabkan kerusakan/kelainan pada diskus optikus dan lapang pandangan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Arif, 1999</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Suatu keadaan
tekanan intra oculer / tekanan dalam bola mata cukup besar untuk menyebabkan
kerusakan pupil, saraf optik dan kelainan lapang pandang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sidarta
Ilyas,2000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Glaukoma adalah
suatu penyakit yang memberikan gambaran klinik berupa peningkatan tekanan bola
mata, penggaungan papil saraf optik dengan defek lapang pandangan mata. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etiologi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Penyebab
terjadinya Glaukoma itu adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Glaukoma primer, yaitu:<br />
Akut (Dapat disebabkan karena trauma). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kronik<br />
Dapat disebabkan karena keturunan dalam keluarga seperti : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diabetes
mellitus,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hipertensi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Arterisklerosis ,
Pemakaian kortikosteroid jangka panjang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Miopia tinggi dan progresif. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2).Dari etiologi diatas
dapat menyebabkan sudut bilik mata yang sempit.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sekunder </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
Disebabkan penyakit mata lain seperti : Katarak, Perubahan lensa, kelainan
uvea, Pembedahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA KLIEN DENGAN GLAUKOMA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">KASUS PEMICU</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tn w 40thn dirawat di RS karena kehilangan
penglihatan,sisi samping (perifer), sakit kepala, penglihatan kabur, melihat
pelangi bila melihat sumbar cahaya terang. Pada pemeriksaan didpat pupil yang
lebar dan iregular, edem perifer corne, kongesti pembuluh darah episkleral dan
konjungtiva, COA yang sempit. Pemeriksaan tonometri TIO diatas 21mmHg, diduga
faktor utama yang berperan dalam meningkatnya TIO, antara lain karena kecepatan
produksi Aqueos humor oleh badan silia, resitensi aliran aqueos humor melalui
jaringan trabekular dan kanal schlemna/ tekanan vena epislera. Dokter
berkolaborasi dengan perawat dalam pemberian tetes mata beta bloker(trimolol,
betaxolol, cateolol, levobunolol, metripranolol) yang kemungkinan akan
mengurangi pembentukan cairan di dalam mata dan TIO.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengkajian </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">I.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Identitas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
Tn.W </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jenis kelamin<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Laki-laki </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Umur<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
40 tahun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Status perkawinan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Sudah Menikah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
SMP </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Suku/Bangsa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Alamat <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
Ds Semanding - Tuban </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pekerjaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Petugas parkir </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sumber informasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pasien </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">II.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Keluhan Utama : penglihatan kabur </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">III.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Riwayat
Keperawatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Tn.W
dibawa ke RS karena mengalami penglihatan kabur setelah kemarin menglami benturan
pada matanya saat bekerja. Tn.W juga merasakan tidak dapat melihat di sisi
samping, dan sellu melihat ada pelangi saat melihat lampu yg terang. Setelah
mengalami benturan, mata Tn.W dikompres istrinya dengan air dingin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Q<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: penglihatan
kabur dirasakan setelah Tn.W mengalami benturan pada matanya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">R <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: di daerah
matanya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
penglihatan yang kabur dirasakan sangat mengganggu aktivitas pekerjaan Tn.W,
sampai-sampai beliau sering berpegangan saat berjalan karena takut jatuh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">T <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
penglihatan kabur lebih dirasakan saat siang hari dan saat malam hari jika
terkena sinar lampu. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Riwayat
Penyakit Dahulu : Tn.W tidak pernah mengalami penyakit mata sebelumnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Riwayat
Penyakit Keluarga : menurut keterangan klien tidak ada keluarga yang mmiliki
penyakit mata dan DM serta HT.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">IV.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Observasi dan Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Keadaan Umum : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mata Tn.W
terlihat masih memar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tn.W tampak
lelah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mata Tn.W
terlihat merah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TTV :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S : 37 celcius
(normal 36,5 – 37,5 celcius) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">N : 80 x/menit
( 60 – 100 x/menit)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TD : 120/80mmHg
(<=120-130, <=80 mmHg)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">RR : 18 x/menit
(16 – 20 x/menit) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">V.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Body System</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B1 (Breathing)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tn.W tampak
lelah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bentuk dada
normal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tidak menggunakan
otot bantu pernapasan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PCH (-) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Suara
pernapasan tambahan (-)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pola napas
teratur dengan RR 18 x/mnt </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B2 (Blood)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Didapatkan
tekanan darah yang normal (120/80 mmHg)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nadi normal
(Nadi 80 x/mnt)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tidak ada
sianosis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">CRT normal
(< 3 detik)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B3 (Brain)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Terlihat cemas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kesadaran
compos mentis dengan GCS 456</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pupil yg
melabar dan irreguler </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Edema epitel
kornea </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Congesti pemda
episkleral & konjungtiva </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">COA sempit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan TIO
> 21 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Saat dirangsang
cahaya yang terang pasien mengeluh melihat pelangi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B4 (Bladder)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Produksi urin
normal min 400 cc/hari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tdk ada
pemberian ciaran parenteral </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B5 (Bowel)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Anorexia </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">BB mnurun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mulut bersih </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Peristaltik
meningkat 25 x/mnt </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B6 (Bone)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tn.W terlihat
lelah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mampu
mggerakkan sendi dg bebas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">V.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Pemeriksaan penunjang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tonometri : Alat ini berguna untuk menilai tekanan
intraokular. Tekanan bola mata normal berkisar antara 10-21 mmHg.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gonioskopi : Sudut bilik mata depan merupakan tempat
penyaluran keluar humor akueus. Dengan gonioskopi kita berusaha menilai keadaan
sudut tersebut, apakah terbuka, sempit atau tertutup ataukah terdapat
abnormalitas pada sudut tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Penilaian diskus optikus : menggunakan opthalmoskop
kita bisa mengukur rasio cekungan-diskus (cup per disc ratio-CDR). CDR yang
perlu diperhatikan jika ternyata melebihi 0,5 karena hal itu menunjukkan
peningkatan tekanan intraokular yang signifikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan lapang pandang : penting dilakukan untuk
mendiagnosis dan menindaklanjuti pasien glaukoma. Lapang pandang glaukoma
memang akan berkurang karena peningkatan TIO akan merusakan papil saraf
optikus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ANALISA DATA </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Analisa data 1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="color: blue;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 38.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 551px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 179.2pt;" valign="top" width="239">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>DATA </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.95pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>ETIOLOGI </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>PROBLEM </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 356.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 356.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 179.2pt;" valign="top" width="239">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Ds : <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Tn.W mengatakan penglihatannya kabur setelah mngalami benturan pada
matanya saat bekerja <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Do : <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
keadaan umum
& pemfis <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Mata Tn.W
terlihat masih memar<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Tn.W tampak
lelah <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Mata Tn.W
terlihat merah <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pupil yg melabar
dn irreguler <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Edema epitel
kornea <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Congesti pemda
episkleral & konjungtiva <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>COA sempit <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Saat dirangsang
cahay yg terang pasien mengeluh melihat pelangi <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pemeriksaan
tonometry : TIO > 21 mmHg<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 356.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.95pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Trauma mata<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Peningkatan Tekanan Intra
Okuli (TIO)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Penekanan bola mata oleh
cairan aqueus<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span>Tekanan pada syaraf optic
retina<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /></span>Kerusakan syaraf optic dan
retina<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Penipisan serat syaraf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan inti<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span>bag.dalam retina<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Atrofi discus opticus<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span>Hilangnya pandangan perifer<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Gangguan persepsi sensori
(penglihtan)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 356.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
Gangguan persepsi sensori
(penglihatan)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Analisa data 2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: blue; margin-left: 38.9pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.95pt;" valign="top" width="220">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Data</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Etiologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.95pt;" valign="top" width="220">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DS :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Klien mengatakan penglihatan
kabur, sakit kepala dan seperti melihat pelangi bila melihat cahaya yang
terang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DO :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keadaan Umum :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pupil melebar dan terkadang irreguler</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Edema epitel kornea</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lemah, Lelah, Pergerakan klien berkurang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TTV :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TD : 110/80 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">N<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 80x/menit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 38 C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 3.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">RR : 20x/menit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Irreversible
(kebutaan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pembedahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Interupsi
(insisi bedah)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/KOMPUT%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">C.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DIAGNOSA
KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gangguan
persepsi sensori : penglihatan berhubungan dengan gangguan penerimaan
sensori</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri berhubungan dengan
interupsi / insisi bedah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">D.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">INTERVENSI KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="color: blue;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -1.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 609px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Hari/tgl</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">No. Diagnosa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 139.45pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Intervensi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rasional</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 342.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21 Maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gngguan persepsi sensori (penglihatan) b.d hilangnya
pandangan perifer sekunder dr peningkatan TIO > 21 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tujuan : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Dalam waktu 3x24 jam menunjukkan
penggunaan penglihatan yang optimal <b> </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Criteria hasil ;</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pasien berpartisipasi dalam program
pengobatan <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pasien akan mempertahankan lapang
ketajaman penglihatan lebih lanjut<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pemeriksaan TIO kmbali normal antara
10-21 mmHg<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>COA kembali luas<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pupil normal jka diberi rangsang chaya
akan mengecil<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Dan klien tdk melihat pelangi lg saat
dirangsang chaya terang<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 139.45pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>Kaji derajat / tipe kehilangan
penglihatan <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>Dorong klien untuk mengekspresikan
perasaan tentang kehilangan / kemungkinan kehilangan penglihatan<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lakukan tindakan untuk membantu pasien untuk
menangani keterbatasan penglihatan, contoh, atur perabot, perbaiki sinar dan
masalah penglihatan malam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kolaborasi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Berikan obat tetes mata beta bloker misalnya
timolol, betaxolol, cartexolol, levabunolol, metipranolol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>mengetahui harapan masa depan klien
dan pilihan intervensi<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>intervensi dini untuk mencegah kebutaan,
klien menghadapi kemungkinan / mengalami kehilangan penglihatan sebagian atau
total. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dapat mempermudah pasien dlm beraktivitas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dapat mengurangi TIO dan mengontrol TIO, mencegah kehilangan penglihatan lebih lanjut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 342.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Selasa 20 maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tujuan : </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Nyeri hilang atau berkurang<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kriteria Hasil</b> :<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Setelah dilakukan perawatan 1x24 jam
pasien mengatakan nyerinya berkurang.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 139.45pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kaji tingkat nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pantau derajat nyeri mata setiap 30 menit selama
fase akut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Siapkan pasien untuk pembedahan sesuai peranan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pertahankan tirah baring ketat pada posisi semi
fowler</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">berikan lingkungan gelap dan terang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 342.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.95pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengetahui tingkat nyeri untuk memudahkan
intervensi selanjutnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk mengidentifikasi kemajuan atau
penyimpangan dari hasil yang diharapkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setelah TIO terkontrol pada glaucoma sudut
terbuka, pembedahan harus dilakukan untuk secara permanen menghilangkan blok
pupil.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tekanan pada mata ditingkatkan bila tubuh
datar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stress dan sinar mienimbulkan TIO yang
mecetuskan nyeri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">E.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">IMPLEMENTASI
KEPERAWATAN </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="color: blue;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">HARI/TGL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DIAGNOSA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">JAM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Implementasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.75pt;" valign="top" width="40">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TTD</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 199.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Selasa/ 13
maret</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan persepsi sensori (penglihatan) b.d
hilangnya pandangan perifer sekunder dr peningkatan TIO > 21 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">07.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>Mengkaji derajat / tipe kehilangan
penglihatan <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>Mendorong klien untuk mengekspresikan
perasaan tentang kehilangan / kemungkinan kehilangan penglihatan<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Melakukan tindakan untuk membantu pasien untuk
menangani keterbatasan penglihatan, contoh, mengatur perabot, perbaiki sinar
dan masalah penglihatan malam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Memberikan obat tetes mata : beta bloker (timolol)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.75pt;" valign="top" width="40"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 199.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Selasa/20
maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan rasa
nyaman nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mengkaji tingkat nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Memantau derajat nyeri mata setiap 30 menit selama
fase akut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Menyiapkan pasien untuk pembedahan sesuai peranan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mempertahankan tirah baring ketat pada posisi semi
fowler</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lingkungan gelap dan terang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 199.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.75pt;" valign="top" width="40"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<b style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">F.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">EVALUASI
KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="color: blue;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">HARI/TGL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.45pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DIAGNOSA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 241.05pt;" valign="top" width="321">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Evaluasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.7pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TTD</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 229.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 229.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rabu, 13
maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 229.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.45pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan persepsi sensori (penglihatan) b.d
hilangnya pandangan perifer sekunder dr peningkatan TIO > 21 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 229.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 241.05pt;" valign="top" width="321">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S : Tn.W mengatakan penglihatan sudah tdk kabur lagi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">O : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -16.65pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pemeriksaan tonometry TIO 15 mmHg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -16.65pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Visus/ ketajaman 6/6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>COA kembali luas<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Pupil mengecil saat diberi chaya<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -16.65pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>Dan klien tdk melihat pelangi lg saat
dirangsang chaya terang<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A : masalah teratasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">P : hentikan intervensi, pertahankan hasil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 229.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.7pt;" valign="top" width="62"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 175.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 175.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rabu, 13
maret 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 175.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.45pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gangguan rasa
nyaman nyeri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 175.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 241.05pt;" valign="top" width="321">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-
klien mengatakan nyeri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkurang dan
klien mengatakan tidak menahan nyeri lagi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">- klien
tampak sehat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">- wajah klien
tampak lebih rileks</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keadaan umum klien kembali normal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>masalah teratasi sebagian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">P<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lanjutkan intervensi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 175.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-13743067907518115742013-04-21T20:03:00.001-07:002013-04-21T20:03:00.146-07:00ASKEP TULI KONDUKTIF<div class="WordSection1" style="color: blue;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
1</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkurangnya </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">endengaran adalah penurunan fungsi
pendengaran pada salah satu ataupun kedua telinga. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://trikuangdalam.blogspot.com/">Tuli </a>adalah penurunan fungsi
pendengaran yang sangat berat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bisa disebabkan oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">uatu masalah mekanis di dalam
saluran telinga atau di dalam telinga tengah yang menghalangi penghantaran
suara (penurunan fungsi pendengaran konduktif)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Selain itu
disebabkan oleh k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erusakan
pada telinga dalam, saraf pendengaran atau jalur saraf pendengaran di otak </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang merupakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penurunan fungsi pendengaran sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Billy
Antony, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pendengaran
merupakan defisit sensorik yang paling sering pada populasi manusia,
mempengaruhi lebih dari 250 juta orang di dunia.Di dunia, menurut perkiraan WHO
pada tahun 2005 terdapat 278 juta orang menderita gangguan pendengaran, 75 -
140 juta diantaranya terdapat di Asia Tenggara. Sedangkan pada bayi, terdapat
0,1 – 0,2% menderita tuli sejak lahir atau setiap 1.000 kelahiran hidup
terdapat 1 – 2 bayi yang menderita tuli. Dari hasil "WHO Multi Center
Study" pada tahun 1998, Indonesia termasuk 4 (empat) negara di Asia
Tenggara dengan prevalensi ketulian yang cukup tinggi (4,6%) yang dapat
menimbulkan masalah sosial di tengah masyarakat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ketulian dibagi menjadi dua. Ketuliandibidang konduksi
atau disebut tuli konduksi dimana kelainan terletak antara meatus akustikus
eksterna sampai dengan tulang pendengaran stapes. Tuli di bidang konduksi ini
biasanya dapat ditolong baik dengan pengobatan atau dengan suatu tindakan
misalnya pembedahan.Tuli yang lain yaitu tuli persepsi <i>(sensori neural
hearing-</i></span></span><span class="ft81"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">loss) </span></i></span><span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">dimana letak kelainan mulai </span></span><span class="ft91"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">dari </span></span><span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">organ korti di koklea sampai
dengan pusat pendengaran di otak. Tuli persepsi ini biasanya sulit dalam
pengobatannya.Apabila tuli konduksi dan tuli persepsi timbul bersamaan disebut
tuli campuran.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<br /><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
menganalisa asuhan keperawatan pada klien dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Khusus </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
definisi dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
etoilogi dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
klasifikasi dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
patofisiologi dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
manifestasi klinis dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli
konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
penetalaksanaan medis dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli
konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
pengkajian pada asuhan keperawatan klien </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
diagnosa keperawatan pada asuhan keperawatan klien </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
rencana tindakan/intervensi pada asuhan keperawatan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
kriteria hasil pada setiap diagnosa keperawatan pada asuhan keperawatan klien</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> dengantuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi Mahasiswa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
dapat lebih memahami hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi Perawat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat atau
tenaga kesehatan memiliki pengetahuan yang lebih luas tentang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural sehingga
dapat melakukan asuhan keperawatan secara profesional.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KONSEP TELINGA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ANATOMI FISIOLOGI SISTEM PENDENGARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telinga dibagi 3 bagian, yaitu:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Telinga luar (auris eksterna)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aurikulum : menangkap gelombang suara dan meneruskannya ke MAE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Meatus akustikus eksternus : meneruskan gelombang suara ke membrane
timpani</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Membran timpani : untuk proses resonansi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level3 lfo25; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Telinga tengah (auris media)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kavum timpani<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: tempat tulang –
tulang pendengaran berada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tuba Eustachius<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: saluran yang
menghubungkan antara telinga tengah dengan telinga dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Antrum & sel-sel mastoid<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Telinga dalam (auris interna = labirin)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Koklea (organ
auditivus)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: untuk keseimbangan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Labirin
vestibuler (organ vestibuler /status</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">) : untuk keseimbangan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PROSES PENDENGARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gelombang suara yang berasal dari udara ditangkap oleh
aurikulla kemudian diteruskan ke MAE ( Meatus Akustikus Externa ), kemudian
dilanjutkan ke membran timpani. Setelah masuk di membran timpani, gelombang
udara tersebut menggerakkan tulang – tulang pendengaran, yang terdiri dari
tulang incus, stapes dan maleus. Setelah itu menuju ke foramen ovale. Dari
foramen ovale, merangsang Koklea untuk mengeluarkan cairan. Cairan koklea
tersebut kemudian menuju ke membran basilaris, merangsang pergerakan hair
cells. Diteruskan ke cortex auditorius. Kemudian kita dapat mendengar suatu
bunyi.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSEP
TULI KONDUKTIF</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEFINISI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli
Konduktif atau Conductive Hearing Loss (CHL) adalah jenis ketulian yang tidak
dapat mendengar suara berfrekuensi rendah. Misalnya tidak dapat mendengar huruf
U dari kata susu sehingga penderita mendengarnya ss. Biasanya gangguan ini
“reversible” karena kelainannya terdapat di telinga luar dan telinga tengah(Purnawan
Junadi,dkk. 1997, hal. 238)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli
kondusif adalah kerusakan pada bagian telinga luar dan tengah, sehingga
menghambat bunyi-bunyian yang akan masuk ke dalam telinga. Kelainan telinga
luar yang menyebabkan tuli kondusif adalah otalgia, atresia liang telinga,
sumbatan oleh serumen, otitis eksterna sirkumskripta, otitis eksterna maligna,
dan osteoma liang teliga. Kelainan telinga tengah yang menyebabkan tuli
kondusif ialah sumbatan tuba eustachius, otitis media, otosklerosis,
timpanisklerosia, hemotimpanum, dan dislokasi tulang pendengaran. (Indro
Soetirto: 2003)</span></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
telinga luar dan telinga tengah proses degenerasi dapat menyebabkan perubahan
atau kelainan diantaranya sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkurangnya
elastisitas dan bertambah besarnya ukuran daun telinga (pinna)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atropi
dan bertambah kakunya liang telinga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penumpukan
serumen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membrane
tympani bertambah tebal dan kaku</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekuatan
sendi tulang-tulang pendengaran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan
bawaan (Kongenital)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atresia liang telinga, hipoplasia
telinga tengah, kelainan posisi tulang-tulang pendengaran dan otosklerosis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit otosklerosis banyak ditemukan
pada bangsa kulit putih </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pendengaran yang didapat, mis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l otitis media</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIFESTASI
KLINIS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rasa
penuh pada telinga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pembengkakan
pada telinga bagian tengah dan luar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rasa
gatal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">trauma</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tinnitus
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PATOFISIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
terjadi trauma akan menimbulkan suatu peradangan bias saja menimbulkan luka,
nyeri kemudian terjadi penumpukan serumen atau otorrhea. Penumpukan serumen
yang terjadi dapat mengakibatkan transmisi bunyi atau suara yang terganggu
sehingga penderita tidak dapat mempersepsikan bunyi atau suara yang di
dengarnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN
DIAGNOSTIK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Audiometri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X-ray<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENALAKSANAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Liang telinga di bersihkan secara
teratur. dapat diberikan larutan asam asetat 2-5 % dalam alcohol yang di
teteskan ke liang teling atau salep anti jamur. Tes suara bisikan, Tes
garputala</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</div>
<b style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></b><br clear="ALL" style="color: blue;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KONSEP TULI SENSORINEURAL</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEFINISI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli
sensorineural adalah kerusakan telinga bagian dalam dan hubungan saraf otak
yang terbagi atas tuli sensorineural koklea dan tuli sensorineural
retrokoklea.Tuli sensorineural koklea disebabkan aplasia, labirinitis,
intoksikasi obat ototaksik atau alkohol.Dapat juga disebabkan tuli mendadak,
tauma kapitis, trauma akustik dan pemaparan bising tuli sensorineural
retrokoklea disebabkan neuoroma akustik, tumor sudut pons serebellum, mieloma
multipel, cedera otak, perdarahan otak, dan kelainan otak lainnya. (Indro
Soetirto: 2003)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-faktor resiko tinggi yang
penyebab tuli sensorineural yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuli Bawaan (Genetik). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuli Rubella. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuli dan Kelahiran Prematur </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuli Ototosik. </span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KLASIFIKASI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibagi menjadi
tuli sensori neural coklea atau retrokoklea.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli sensori neural coclea</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Aplasia (kongenital)</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Labirintitis oleh bakteri/virus</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Intoksikasi obat streptomisin, kanamisin, garamisin, neomisin,
kina, asetosal atau alkohol.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Trauma kapitis</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Trauma akustik</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Pemaparan bising</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Presbicusis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli sensori neural retrokoklea</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Neuroma akustik</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Tumor sudut pons serebellum</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Cidera otak</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Perdarahan otak</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIFESTASI
KLINIS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rasa tidak enak di <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">telinga</span>, tersumbat, dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pendengaran</span>
terganggu. Rasa nyeri akan timbul bila benda asing tersebut adalah serangga
yang masuk dan bergerak serta melukai dinding liang <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">telinga</span>. Pada inspeksi <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">telinga</span>
dengan atau tanpa corong <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">telinga</span>akan
tampak benda asing tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN
DIAGNOSTIK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan Dengan Garputala </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dewasa, pendengaran melalui
hantaran udara dinilai dengan menempatkan garputala yang telah digetarkan di
dekat telinga sehingga suara harus melewati udara agar sampai ke telinga.Penurunan
fungsi pendengaran atau ambang pendengaran subnormal bisa menunjukkan adanya
kelainan pada saluran telinga, telinga tengah, telinga dalam, sarat pendengaran
atau jalur saraf pendengaran di otak.Pada dewasa, pendengaran melalui hantaran
tulang dinilai dengan menempatkan ujung pegangan garputala yang telah
digetarkan pada prosesus mastoideus (tulang yang menonjol di belakang telinga).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Getaran akan diteruskan ke seluruh
tulang tengkorak, termasuk tulang koklea di telinga dalam. Koklea mengandung
sel-sel rambut yang merubah getaran menjadi gelombang saraf, yang selanjutnya
akan berjalan di sepanjang saraf pendengaran. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan ini hanya menilai
telinga dalam, saraf pendengaran dan jalur saraf pendengaran di otak. Jika
pendengaran melalui hantaran udara menurun, tetapi pendengaran melalui hantaran
tulang normal, dikatakan terjadi tuli konduktif.Jika pendengaran melalui
hantaran udara dan tulang menurun, maka terjadi tuli sensorineural. Kadang pada
seorang penderita, tuli konduktif dan sensorineural terjadi secara bersamaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Audiometri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Audiometri dapat mengukur penurunan
fungsi pendengaran secara tepat, yaitu dengan menggunakan suatu alat elektronik
(audiometer) yang menghasilkan suara dengan ketinggian dan volume tertentu.
Ambang pendengaran untuk serangkaian nada ditentukan dengan mengurangi volume
dari setiap nada sehingga penderita tidak lagi dapat mendengarnya.Telinga kiri
dan telinga kanan diperiksa secara terpisah.Untuk mengukur pendengaran melalui
hantaran udara digunakan earphone, sedangkan untuk mengukur pendengaran melalui
hantaran tulang digunakan sebuah alat yang digetarkan, yang kemudian diletakkan
pada prosesus mastoideus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Audimetri Ambang Bicara </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Audiometri ambang bicara mengukur
seberapa keras suara harus diucapkan supaya bisa dimengerti. Kepada penderita
diperdengarkan kata-kata yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata yang memiliki aksentuasi
yang sama, pada volume tertentu. Dilakukan perekaman terhadap volume dimana
penderita dapat mengulang separuh kata-kata yang diucapkan dengan benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskriminasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan diskriminasi dilakukan
penilaian terhadap kemampuan untuk membedakan kata-kata yang bunyinya hampir
sama. Digunakan kata-kata yang terdiri dari 1 suku kata, yang bunyinya hampir
sama.Pada tuli konduktif, nilai diskriminasi (persentasi kata-kata yang diulang
dengan benar)biasanya berada dalam batas normal.Pada tuli sensori, nilai
diskriminasi berada di bawahnormal.Pada tuli neural, nilai diskriminasi berada
jauh di bawah normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timpanometri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timpanometri merupakan sejenis
audiometri, yang mengukur impedansi (tahanan terhadap tekanan) pada telinga
tengah.Timpanometri digunakan untuk membantu menentukan penyebab dari tuli
konduktif.Prosedur in tidak memerlukan partisipasi aktif dari penderita dan
biasanya digunakan padaanak-anak.Timpanometer terdiri dari sebuah mikrofon dan
sebuah sumber suara yang terus menerus menghasilkan suara dan dipasang di
saluran telinga.Dengan alat ini bisa diketahui berapa banyak suara yang melalui
telinga tengah dan berapabanyak suara yang dipantulkan kembali sebagai perubahan
tekanan di saluran telinga.Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan apakah masalahnya
berupa:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penyumbatan tuba eustakius (saluran
yang menghubungkan telinga tengah dengan hidung bagian belakang) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cairan di dalam telinga tengah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kelainan pada rantai ketiga tulang
pendengaran yang menghantarkan suara melalui telinga tengah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timpanometri juga bisa menunjukkan
adanya perubahan pada kontraksi otot stapedius, yangmelekat pada tulang stapes
(salah satu tulang pendengaran di telinga tengah).Dalam keadaan normal, otot ini
memberikan respon terhadap suara-suara yang keras/gaduh(refleks akustik)
sehingga mengurangi penghantaran suara dan melindungi telinga tengah.Jika
terjadi penurunan fungsi pendengaran neural, maka refleks akustik akan berubah
ataumenjadi lambat. Dengan refleks yang lambat, otot stapedius tidak dapat
tetap berkontraksiselama telinga menerima suara yang gaduh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Respon Auditoris Batang Otak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
ini mengukur gelombang saraf di otak yang timbul akibat rangsangan pada saraf
pendengaran.Respon auditoris batang otak juga dapat digunakan untuk memantau
fungsi otak tertentu pada penderita koma atau penderita yang menjalani
pembedahan otak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elektrokokleografi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elektrokokleografi
digunakan untuk mengukur aktivitas koklea dan saraf pendengaran.Kadang pemeriksaan
ini bisa membantu menentukan penyebab dari penurunan fungsipendengaran
sensorineural.Elektrokokleografi dan respon auditoris batang otak bisa
digunakan untuk menilaipendengaran pada penderita yang tidak dapat atau tidak
mau memberikan respon bawah sadarterhadap suara.Misalnya untuk mengetahui
ketulian pada anak-anak dan bayi atau untuk memeriksa hipakusis psikogenik
(orang yang berpura-pura tuli).Beberapa pemeriksaan pendengaran bisa mengetahui
adanya kelainan pada daerah yang mengolah pendengaran di otak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
tersebut mengukur kemampuan untuk: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengartikan dan memahami percakapan
yang dikacaukan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memahami pesan yang disampaikan ke
telinga kanan pada saat telinga kiri menerima pesan yang lain </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menggabungkan pesan yang tidak
lengkap yang disampaikan pada kedua telinga menjadi pesan yang bermakna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menentukan sumber suara pada saat
suara diperdengarkan di kedua telinga pada waktu yang<br />
bersamaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jalur saraf dari setiap telinga
menyilang ke sisi otak yang berlawanan, karena itu kelainan pada otak kanan
akan mempengaruhi pendengaran pada telinga kiri. Kelainan pada batang otak bisa
mempengaruhi kemampuan dalam menggabungkan pesan yang tidak lengkap menjadi
pesan yang bermakna dan dalam menentukan sumber suara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
pemeriksaan yang khusus dilakukan pada anak – anak adalah: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Free Field Test </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilakukan pada ruangan kedap suara
dan diberikan rangsangan suara dalam berbagai frekuensi untuk menilai respons
anak terhadap bunyi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Behavioral Observation (0 – 6 bulan)
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada pemeriksaan ini diamati respons
terhadap sumber bunyi berupa perubahan sikap atau refleks pada bayi yang sedang
diperiksa </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conditioned Test (2 – 4 tahun) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-indent: 2.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anak dilatih untuk melakukan suatu
kegiatan saat mendengar suara stimuli tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.E.R.A (Brain Evoked Response
Audiometry) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 9pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat menilai fungsi pendengaran
anak atau bayi yang tidak kooperatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENATALAKSANAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengobatan untuk penurunan fungsi
pendengaran tergantung kepada penyebabnya.Jika penurunan fungsi pendengaran
konduktif disebabkan oleh adanya cairan di telinga tengah atau kotoran di
saluran telinga, maka dilakukan pembuangan cairan dan kotoran tersebut.Jika
penyebabnya tidak dapat diatasi, maka digunakan alat bantu dengar atau kadang
dilakukan pencangkokan koklea. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat bantu dengar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat bantu dengar merupakan suatu
alat elektronik yang dioperasikan dengan batere, yang berfungsi memperkuat dan
merubah suara sehingga komunikasi bisa berjalan dengan lancar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat bantu dengar terdiri dari:<br />
- Sebuah mikrofon untuk menangkap suara<br />
- Sebuah amplifier untuk meningkatkan volume suara<br />
- Sebuah speaker utnuk menghantarkan suara yang volumenya telah dinaikkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan hasil tes fungsi
pendengaran, seorang audiologis bisa menentukan apakah penderita sudah
memerlukan alat bantu dengar atau belum (audiologis adalah seorang profesional
kesehatan yang ahli dalam mengenali dan menentukan beratnya gangguan fungsi
pendengaran). Alat bantu dengar sangat membantu proses pendengaran dan
pemahaman percakapan pada penderita penurunan fungsi pendengaran sensorineural.
Dalam menentukan suatu alat bantu dengar, seorang audiologis biasanya akan mempertimbangkan
hal-hal berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- kemampuan mendengar penderita </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- aktivitas di rumah maupun di
tempat bekerja<br />
- keterbatasan fisik<br />
- keadaan medis<br />
- penampilan<br />
- harga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat Bantu Dengar Hantaran Udara </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat ini paling banyak digunakan,
biasanya dipasang di dalam saluran telinga dengan sebuah penutup kedap udara
atau sebuah selang kecil yang terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat Bantu Dengar Yang Dipasang Di
Badan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan pada penderita tuli dan
merupakan alat bantu dengar yang paling kuat. Alat ini disimpan dalam saku
kemeja atau celana dan dihubungkan dengan sebuah kabel ke alat yang dipasang di
saluran telinga.Alat ini seringkali dipakai oleh bayi dan anak-anak karena
pemakaiannya lebih mudah dan tidak mudah rusak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat Bantu Dengar Yang Dipasang Di
Belakang Telinga </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk penderita gangguan
fungsi pendengaran sedang sampai berat.Alat ini dipasang di belakang telinga
dan relatif tidak terlihat oleh orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CROS (contralateral routing of
signals) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat ini digunakan oleh penderita
yang hanya mengalami gangguan fungsi pendengaran pada salah satu
telinganya.Mikrofon dipasang pada telinga yang tidak berfungsi dan suaranya
diarahkan kepada telinga yang berfungsi melalui sebuah kabel atau sebuah
transmiter radio berukuran mini.Dengan alat ini, penderita dapat mendengarkan
suara dari sisi telinga yang tidak berfungsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BICROS (bilateral CROS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
telinga yang masih berfungsi juga mengalami penuruna fungsi pendengaran yang
ringan,maka suara dari kedua telinga bisa diperkeras dengan alat ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat Bantu Dengar Hantaran Tulang </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat
ini digunakan oleh penderita yang tidak dapat memakai alat bantu dengar
hantaran udara, misalnya penderita yang terlahir tanpa saluran telinga atau
jika dari telinganya keluar cairan otore. Alat ini dipasang di kepala, biasanya
di belakang telinga dengan bantuan sebuah pita elastis.Suara dihantarkan
melalui tulang tengkorak ke telinga dalam. Beberapa alat bantu dengar hantaran
tulang bisa ditanamkan pada tulang di belakang telinga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencangkokan
koklea</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencangkokan koklea (implan koklea)
dilakukan pada penderita tuli berat yang tidak dapat mendengar meskipun telah
menggunakan alat bantu dengar. Alat ini dicangkokkan di bawah kulit di belakang
telinga dan terdiri dari 4 bagian:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah mikrofon untuk menangkap
suara dari sekitar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah prosesor percakapan yang
berfungsi memilih dan mengubah suara yang tertangkap oleh mikrofon </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah transmiter dan
stimulator/penerima yang berfungsi menerima sinyal dari prosesor percakapan dan
merubahnya menjadi gelombang listrik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elektroda, berfungsi mengumpulkan
gelombang dari stimulator dan mengirimnya ke otak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu implan tidak mengembalikan
ataupun menciptakan fungsi pendengaran yang normal, tetapi bisa memberikan
pemahaman auditoris kepada penderita tuli dan membantu mereka dalam memahami
percakapan. Implan koklea sangat berbeda dengan alat bantu dengar. Alat bantu
dengar berfungsi memperkeras suara. Implan koklea menggantikan fungsi dari
bagian telinga dalam yang mengalami kerusakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
fungsi pendengaran normal, gelombang suara diubah menjadi gelombang listrik
oleh telinga dalam.Gelombang listrik ini lalu dikirim ke otak dan kita menerimanya
sebagai suara. Implan koklea bekerja dengan cara yang sama. Secara elektronik,
implan koklea menemukan bunyi yang berarti dan kemudian mengirimnya ke otak.</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSEP ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">identitas
pasien,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">riwayat
adanya kelainan nyeri,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">infeksi
saluran nafas atas yang berulang,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">riwayat
infeksi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nyeri
telinga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rasa
penuh dan penurunan pendengaran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">suhu
meningkat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">malaise</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vertigo</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktifitas
terbatas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Takut
mengahadapi tindakan pembedahan</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan fisik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B1(breathing)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
infeksi saluran pernafasan atas yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B2(blood)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: tidak ada
kelainan pada sistem</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kardiovaskuler</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B3(brain)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: pusing,
vertigo,nyeri, rasa penuh pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 180pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">telingga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B4(bladder)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: tidak ada kelainan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B5(bowel)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: tidak ada
kelainan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B6(bone&muskuluskeletal)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
malaise, aktivitas terbatas, suhu meningkat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan proses
peradangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan sensori / presepsi berhubungan
dengan kerusakan pada telingatengah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intoleransi aktifitas berhubungan dengan
nyeri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isolasi sosial berhubungan dengan nyeri,
otore</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnya pengetahuan mengenai pengobatan
dan pencegahan kekambuhan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ansietas berhubungan dengan prosedur
perubahan status kesehatan dan pengobatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cemas
berhubuangan dengan prosedur operasi, diagnosis, prognosis, anestesi, nyeri,
hilangnya fungsi, kemungkinan penurunan pendengaran lebih besar setelah
operasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gangguan
harga diri rendah berhubungan dengan berkurangnya pendengaran.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
berhubungan dengan proses peradangan<br />
Tujuan : Pasien mengambarkan nyeri dalam keadan minimal atau tidak ada nyeri<br />
<u>Intervensi</u>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aji nyeri, lokasi,karasteristik,
mulai timbul, frekuensi dan intensitas, gunakan tingkat ukuran nyeri<br />
R/ : untuk mengukur tingkat/kualitas nyeri guna intervensi selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jarkan dan bantu dengan alternative
teknik pengurangan nyeri (misalnya imajinasi, musik, relaksasi)<br />
R/ : pengalihan perhatian dapat mengurangi nyeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bah posisi setiap 2 sampai 4 jam<br />
R/ : posisi yang nyaman dapat membantu mengurangi tingkat nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erikan analgesik jika dipesankan <br />
R/ : analgesic dapat mengurangi nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
sensori / persepsi berhubungan dengan kerusakan pada telinga tengah<br />
Tujuan : Klien memperlihatkan persepsi pendengaran yang baik<br />
</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntervensi</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat gangguan persepsi pendengaran klien<br />
R/ : untuk mengukur tingkat pendengaran pasien guna intervensi selanjutnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbicara
pada bagian sisi telinga yang baik<br />
R/ : berbicara pada bagian sisi telinga yang baik dapat membatu klien dalam
proses komunikasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan
bagian telinga yang kotor<br />
R/ : telinga yang bersih dapat membantu dalam proses pendengaran yang baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi
dengan dokter dengan tindakan pembedahan <br />
R/: tindakan pembedahan dapat membatu klien memperoleh pendengaran yang baik <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intoleransi
aktifitas berhubungan dengan nyeri<br />
Tujuan : klien dapat melakukan aktivitas dengan baik <br />
</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntervensi</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat intoleransi klien<br />
R/ : Untuk mengetahui tingkat aktivitas klien guna intervensi selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantu
klien untuk melakukan aktifitas sehari-hari<br />
R/ : Bantuan terhadap aktifitas klien dapat mempermudah pemenuhan kebutuhan
klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan
klien untuk melakukan aktivitas yang ringan <br />
R/ : Aktivitas yang ringan dapat membantu mengurangi energy yang keluar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Libatkan
keluarga untuk proses perawatan dan aktivitas klien<br />
R/ : Keluarga memiliki peranan penting dalam aktifitas sehari-hari klien selama
perawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajurkan
klien untuk istirahat yang cukup<br />
R/ : Istirahat yang cukup dapat mebantu meminimalkan pengeluaran energy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isolasi
sosial berhubungan dengan nyeri, otorrhea.<br />
Tujuan : pola koping klien adekuat<br />
</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntervensi</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat koping klien terhadap penyakit yang dialaminya<br />
R/ : Untuk mengetahui tingkat koping pasien terhadap penyakitnya guna
intervensi selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pola koping keluarga terhadap penyakit yang dialami klien<br />
R/ : Pola koping keluarga mempengaruhi koping pasien terhadap penykitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi yang adekuat mengenai penyakit yang dialami klien.<br />
R/ : Informasi adekuat dapat memperbaiki koping pasien terhadap penyakitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
motivasi kepada klien dalam menghadapi penyakitnya<br />
R/ : Motivasi dapat membantu pasien dalam menghadapi penyakitnya dan menjalani
pengobatan sehingga klien tidak merasa sendirian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan
keluarga untuk selalu memotivasi klien.<br />
R/ : Motivasi dari keluarga sangat membantu proses koping pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnya
pengetahuan mengenai pengobatan dan pencegahan kekambuhan<br />
Tujuan : klien dapat mengerti mengenai penyakitnya.<br />
</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntervensi</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pendidikan klien<br />
R/ : Untuk mengetahui tingkat pendidikan klien guna intervensi selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pengetahuan klien tentang prognosis penyakitnya <br />
R/ : untuk mengukur sejauh mana klien mengetahui tentang penyakitnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi yang lengkap mengenai penyakit klien.<br />
R/ : informasi yang lengkap dapat menambah pengetahuan klien sekaligus
mengurangi tingkat kecemasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi yang akurat jika klien membutuhkan informasi tentang penyakitnya.<br />
R/ : pemberian informasi yang akurat dapat menambah informasi tentang penyakit
yang dialami klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ansietas
berhubungan dengan prosedur perubahan status kesehatan dan pengobatan<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ujuan
: klien memperlihatkan ekspresi wajah yang ceria.<br />
<u>Intervensi:</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aji tingkat ansietas klien terhadap
penyakitnya<br />
R/ : untuk mengukur tingakt kecemasan klien terhadap penyakitnya guna
implementasi selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pengetahuan klien tentang penyakitnya<br />
R/ : sebagai tolak ukur untuk memberikan informasi selanjutnya mengenai penyakit
yang di alaminya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi klien tentang penyakitnya.<br />
R/: Informasi yang adekuat dapat mengurangi kecemassan klien terhadap
penyakitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
dorongan pada klien dalam menghadapi penyakitnya.<br />
R/: Dorongan yang adekuat dapat menurunkan tingkat kecemasan klien sekaligus
memberikan perhatian kepada klien. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Libatkan
keluarga klien dalam proses pengobatan<br />
R/: Keluarga klien memiliki peranan penting dalam proses penyembuhan dan menurunkan
tingkat kecemasan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cemas
berhubuangan dengan prosedur operasi, diagnosis, prognosis, anestesi, nyeri,
hilangnya fungsi, kemungkinan penurunan pendengaran lebih besar setelah
operasi.<br />
Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Rasa cemas
klien akan berkurang/hilang.<br />
Kriteria hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Klien mampu
mengungkapkan ketakutan/kekhawatirannya.<br />
Intervensi Keperawatan :</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 67.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mengatakan
hal sejujurnya kepada klien ketika mendiskusikan mengenai kemungkinan kemajuan
dari fungsi pendengarannya untuk mempertahankan harapan klien dalam
berkomunikasi.<br />
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">R/ Harapan-harapan yang tidak realistik tiak dapat
mengurangi kecemasan, justru malah menimbulkan ketidak percayaan klien terhadap
perawat. Menunjukkan kepada klien bahwa dia dapat berkomunikasi dengan efektif
tanpa menggunakan alat khusus, sehingga dapat mengurangi rasa cemasnya.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 67.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan
informasi mengenai kelompok yang juga pernah mengalami gangguan seperti yang
dialami klien untuk memberikan dukungan kepada klien.<br />
R/ Dukungan dari bebarapa orang yang memiliki pengalaman yang sama akan sangat
membantu klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 67.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan
informasi mengenai sumber-sumber dan alat-lat yang tersedia yang dapat membantu
klien.<br />
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">R/ Agar klien menyadari sumber-sumber apa saja yang ada
disekitarnya yang dapat mendukung dia untuk berkomunikasi.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 67.65pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gangguan
harga diri rendah berhubungan dengan berkurangnya pendengaran.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4cm; text-indent: -63.75pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pendengaran
menjadi normal, sehingga meningkatkan rasa percaya diri klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-indent: -77.95pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kriteria Hasil : Percaya diri klien meningkat karena
dapat mendengar dengan normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intervensi keperawatan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 70.9pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menggunakan
alat bantu pendengaran, seperti koklear implant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 70.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">R/ dengan
menggunakan alat bantu pendengaran meningkatkan respon pendengaran klien,
sehingga klien dapat mendengar suara dengan normal, sehingga komunikasi klien
dengan orang lain tetap lancar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 70.9pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Ajari
klien menggunakan bahasa isyarat, atau body language dan media tulisan.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">R/ Klien dapat berkomunikasi dengan orang lain dengan
menggunakan bahasa tubuh atau bahasa isyarat lainnya dan bisa juga dengan
ditulis, sehingga komunikasi klien tetap lancar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Ajari
keluarga dan kolega klien untuk berbicara lebih keras atau cenderung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendekat ke telinga yang sehat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 70.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memudahkan klien untuk mendengar, sehingga
komunikasi klien tetap lancar, harga diri klien meningkat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implementasi<br />
Implementasi dilaksanakan sesuai dengan intervensi yang telah dibuat dengan
menyesuaikan terhadap kondisi klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien mengambarkan nyeri dalam keadan
minimal atau tidak ada nyeri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien memperlihatkan persepsi
pendengaran yang baik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien dapat melakukan aktivitas dengan
baik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola koping klien adekuat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien dapat mengeti dengan penyakitnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lien
memperlihatkan ekspresi wajah yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> ceria</span></div>
<div style="border: medium none; color: blue; padding: 0cm 0cm 1pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
</div>
</div>
<br style="color: blue;" /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ketuliandibidang
konduksi atau disebut tuli konduksi dimana kelainanterletak antara meatus
akustikus eksterna sampai dengana tulangpendengaran stapes. Tuli di bidang
konduksi ini biasanya dapatditolong dengan memuaskan, baik dengan pengobatan
ataudengan suatu tindakan misalnya pembedahan.Tuli yang lain yaitu tuli
persepsi <i>(sensori neural hearing-</i></span></span><span class="ft81"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">loss) </span></i></span><span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">dimana letak kelainan mulai </span></span><span class="ft91"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">dari </span></span><span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">organ
korti di kokleasampai dengan pusat pendengaran di otak. Tuli persepsi
inibiasanya sulit dalam pengobatannya.Apabila tuli konduksi dan tuli persepsi
timbul bersamaan,disebut tuli campuran.Untuk mengetahui jenis ketulian
diperlukan pemeriksaanpendengaran.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mencgah
terjadinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tuli perepsi maupun tuli
konduksi, sebaiknya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 61.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari suara keras, ramai dan kebisingan.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 61.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari diet yang berlemak.Hal-hal lain yang dianjurkan ialah hindari
dingin yang berlebihan, rokok yang berlebihan dan stres. Anemia,
kekuranganvitamin dan insufisiensi kardiovaskular juga harus segera diobati.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Carpenito,
Lynda Juall. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">2001. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Saku Diagnosis Keperawatan</i>. EGC.
Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-indent: -55.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">George L, Adams. 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">BOEIS : Buku ajar Penyakit THT</i>. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Edisi 6. EGC. Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-indent: -55.4pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Iskandar,
H. Nurbaiti,dkk 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit THT</i>. Balai Penerbit FKUI. Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mukmin,
Sri; Herawati, Sri. 1999<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Teknik
Pemeriksaan THT.</i> Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit THT, FK UNAIR. Surabaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -35.3pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pedoman
Diagnosis dan Terapi, Lab/UPF Ilmu Penyakit Telinga, Hidung dan<br />
Tenggorokan RSUD Dr Soetomo Surabaya</span></div>
<span lang="FI" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rukmin, Sri; Herawati, Sri. 1999. Teknik Pemeriksaan THT. EGC. Jakarta</span>Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-47159101325981756032013-04-21T20:02:00.007-07:002013-04-21T20:02:46.696-07:00ASKEP TULI KONDUKTIF<div class="WordSection1" style="color: blue;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
1</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkurangnya </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">endengaran adalah penurunan fungsi
pendengaran pada salah satu ataupun kedua telinga. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://trikuangdalam.blogspot.com/">Tuli </a>adalah penurunan fungsi
pendengaran yang sangat berat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bisa disebabkan oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">uatu masalah mekanis di dalam
saluran telinga atau di dalam telinga tengah yang menghalangi penghantaran
suara (penurunan fungsi pendengaran konduktif)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Selain itu
disebabkan oleh k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erusakan
pada telinga dalam, saraf pendengaran atau jalur saraf pendengaran di otak </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang merupakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penurunan fungsi pendengaran sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Billy
Antony, 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pendengaran
merupakan defisit sensorik yang paling sering pada populasi manusia,
mempengaruhi lebih dari 250 juta orang di dunia.Di dunia, menurut perkiraan WHO
pada tahun 2005 terdapat 278 juta orang menderita gangguan pendengaran, 75 -
140 juta diantaranya terdapat di Asia Tenggara. Sedangkan pada bayi, terdapat
0,1 – 0,2% menderita tuli sejak lahir atau setiap 1.000 kelahiran hidup
terdapat 1 – 2 bayi yang menderita tuli. Dari hasil "WHO Multi Center
Study" pada tahun 1998, Indonesia termasuk 4 (empat) negara di Asia
Tenggara dengan prevalensi ketulian yang cukup tinggi (4,6%) yang dapat
menimbulkan masalah sosial di tengah masyarakat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ketulian dibagi menjadi dua. Ketuliandibidang konduksi
atau disebut tuli konduksi dimana kelainan terletak antara meatus akustikus
eksterna sampai dengan tulang pendengaran stapes. Tuli di bidang konduksi ini
biasanya dapat ditolong baik dengan pengobatan atau dengan suatu tindakan
misalnya pembedahan.Tuli yang lain yaitu tuli persepsi <i>(sensori neural
hearing-</i></span></span><span class="ft81"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">loss) </span></i></span><span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">dimana letak kelainan mulai </span></span><span class="ft91"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">dari </span></span><span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">organ korti di koklea sampai
dengan pusat pendengaran di otak. Tuli persepsi ini biasanya sulit dalam
pengobatannya.Apabila tuli konduksi dan tuli persepsi timbul bersamaan disebut
tuli campuran.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<br /><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
menganalisa asuhan keperawatan pada klien dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Khusus </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
definisi dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
etoilogi dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
klasifikasi dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
patofisiologi dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
manifestasi klinis dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli
konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
penetalaksanaan medis dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli
konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
pengkajian pada asuhan keperawatan klien </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
diagnosa keperawatan pada asuhan keperawatan klien </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
rencana tindakan/intervensi pada asuhan keperawatan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
kriteria hasil pada setiap diagnosa keperawatan pada asuhan keperawatan klien</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> dengantuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi Mahasiswa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
dapat lebih memahami hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi Perawat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat atau
tenaga kesehatan memiliki pengetahuan yang lebih luas tentang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tuli konduksi dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sensorineural sehingga
dapat melakukan asuhan keperawatan secara profesional.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KONSEP TELINGA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ANATOMI FISIOLOGI SISTEM PENDENGARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telinga dibagi 3 bagian, yaitu:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Telinga luar (auris eksterna)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aurikulum : menangkap gelombang suara dan meneruskannya ke MAE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Meatus akustikus eksternus : meneruskan gelombang suara ke membrane
timpani</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Membran timpani : untuk proses resonansi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level3 lfo25; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Telinga tengah (auris media)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kavum timpani<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: tempat tulang –
tulang pendengaran berada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tuba Eustachius<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: saluran yang
menghubungkan antara telinga tengah dengan telinga dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo25; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Antrum & sel-sel mastoid<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Telinga dalam (auris interna = labirin)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Koklea (organ
auditivus)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: untuk keseimbangan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Labirin
vestibuler (organ vestibuler /status</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">) : untuk keseimbangan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PROSES PENDENGARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gelombang suara yang berasal dari udara ditangkap oleh
aurikulla kemudian diteruskan ke MAE ( Meatus Akustikus Externa ), kemudian
dilanjutkan ke membran timpani. Setelah masuk di membran timpani, gelombang
udara tersebut menggerakkan tulang – tulang pendengaran, yang terdiri dari
tulang incus, stapes dan maleus. Setelah itu menuju ke foramen ovale. Dari
foramen ovale, merangsang Koklea untuk mengeluarkan cairan. Cairan koklea
tersebut kemudian menuju ke membran basilaris, merangsang pergerakan hair
cells. Diteruskan ke cortex auditorius. Kemudian kita dapat mendengar suatu
bunyi.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSEP
TULI KONDUKTIF</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEFINISI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli
Konduktif atau Conductive Hearing Loss (CHL) adalah jenis ketulian yang tidak
dapat mendengar suara berfrekuensi rendah. Misalnya tidak dapat mendengar huruf
U dari kata susu sehingga penderita mendengarnya ss. Biasanya gangguan ini
“reversible” karena kelainannya terdapat di telinga luar dan telinga tengah(Purnawan
Junadi,dkk. 1997, hal. 238)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli
kondusif adalah kerusakan pada bagian telinga luar dan tengah, sehingga
menghambat bunyi-bunyian yang akan masuk ke dalam telinga. Kelainan telinga
luar yang menyebabkan tuli kondusif adalah otalgia, atresia liang telinga,
sumbatan oleh serumen, otitis eksterna sirkumskripta, otitis eksterna maligna,
dan osteoma liang teliga. Kelainan telinga tengah yang menyebabkan tuli
kondusif ialah sumbatan tuba eustachius, otitis media, otosklerosis,
timpanisklerosia, hemotimpanum, dan dislokasi tulang pendengaran. (Indro
Soetirto: 2003)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
telinga luar dan telinga tengah proses degenerasi dapat menyebabkan perubahan
atau kelainan diantaranya sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkurangnya
elastisitas dan bertambah besarnya ukuran daun telinga (pinna)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atropi
dan bertambah kakunya liang telinga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penumpukan
serumen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membrane
tympani bertambah tebal dan kaku</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekuatan
sendi tulang-tulang pendengaran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan
bawaan (Kongenital)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atresia liang telinga, hipoplasia
telinga tengah, kelainan posisi tulang-tulang pendengaran dan otosklerosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit otosklerosis banyak ditemukan
pada bangsa kulit putih </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pendengaran yang didapat, mis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l otitis media</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIFESTASI
KLINIS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rasa
penuh pada telinga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pembengkakan
pada telinga bagian tengah dan luar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rasa
gatal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">trauma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tinnitus
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PATOFISIOLOGI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
terjadi trauma akan menimbulkan suatu peradangan bias saja menimbulkan luka,
nyeri kemudian terjadi penumpukan serumen atau otorrhea. Penumpukan serumen
yang terjadi dapat mengakibatkan transmisi bunyi atau suara yang terganggu
sehingga penderita tidak dapat mempersepsikan bunyi atau suara yang di
dengarnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN
DIAGNOSTIK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Audiometri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X-ray<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENALAKSANAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Liang telinga di bersihkan secara
teratur. dapat diberikan larutan asam asetat 2-5 % dalam alcohol yang di
teteskan ke liang teling atau salep anti jamur. Tes suara bisikan, Tes
garputala</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</div>
<b style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></b><br clear="ALL" style="color: blue;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KONSEP TULI SENSORINEURAL</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEFINISI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli
sensorineural adalah kerusakan telinga bagian dalam dan hubungan saraf otak
yang terbagi atas tuli sensorineural koklea dan tuli sensorineural
retrokoklea.Tuli sensorineural koklea disebabkan aplasia, labirinitis,
intoksikasi obat ototaksik atau alkohol.Dapat juga disebabkan tuli mendadak,
tauma kapitis, trauma akustik dan pemaparan bising tuli sensorineural
retrokoklea disebabkan neuoroma akustik, tumor sudut pons serebellum, mieloma
multipel, cedera otak, perdarahan otak, dan kelainan otak lainnya. (Indro
Soetirto: 2003)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-faktor resiko tinggi yang
penyebab tuli sensorineural yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuli Bawaan (Genetik). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuli Rubella. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuli dan Kelahiran Prematur </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuli Ototosik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KLASIFIKASI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibagi menjadi
tuli sensori neural coklea atau retrokoklea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli sensori neural coclea</span></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Aplasia (kongenital)</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Labirintitis oleh bakteri/virus</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Intoksikasi obat streptomisin, kanamisin, garamisin, neomisin,
kina, asetosal atau alkohol.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Trauma kapitis</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Trauma akustik</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Pemaparan bising</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Presbicusis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuli sensori neural retrokoklea</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Neuroma akustik</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Tumor sudut pons serebellum</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Cidera otak</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">-
Perdarahan otak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIFESTASI
KLINIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rasa tidak enak di <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">telinga</span>, tersumbat, dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pendengaran</span>
terganggu. Rasa nyeri akan timbul bila benda asing tersebut adalah serangga
yang masuk dan bergerak serta melukai dinding liang <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">telinga</span>. Pada inspeksi <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">telinga</span>
dengan atau tanpa corong <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">telinga</span>akan
tampak benda asing tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN
DIAGNOSTIK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan Dengan Garputala </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dewasa, pendengaran melalui
hantaran udara dinilai dengan menempatkan garputala yang telah digetarkan di
dekat telinga sehingga suara harus melewati udara agar sampai ke telinga.Penurunan
fungsi pendengaran atau ambang pendengaran subnormal bisa menunjukkan adanya
kelainan pada saluran telinga, telinga tengah, telinga dalam, sarat pendengaran
atau jalur saraf pendengaran di otak.Pada dewasa, pendengaran melalui hantaran
tulang dinilai dengan menempatkan ujung pegangan garputala yang telah
digetarkan pada prosesus mastoideus (tulang yang menonjol di belakang telinga).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Getaran akan diteruskan ke seluruh
tulang tengkorak, termasuk tulang koklea di telinga dalam. Koklea mengandung
sel-sel rambut yang merubah getaran menjadi gelombang saraf, yang selanjutnya
akan berjalan di sepanjang saraf pendengaran. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan ini hanya menilai
telinga dalam, saraf pendengaran dan jalur saraf pendengaran di otak. Jika
pendengaran melalui hantaran udara menurun, tetapi pendengaran melalui hantaran
tulang normal, dikatakan terjadi tuli konduktif.Jika pendengaran melalui
hantaran udara dan tulang menurun, maka terjadi tuli sensorineural. Kadang pada
seorang penderita, tuli konduktif dan sensorineural terjadi secara bersamaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Audiometri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Audiometri dapat mengukur penurunan
fungsi pendengaran secara tepat, yaitu dengan menggunakan suatu alat elektronik
(audiometer) yang menghasilkan suara dengan ketinggian dan volume tertentu.
Ambang pendengaran untuk serangkaian nada ditentukan dengan mengurangi volume
dari setiap nada sehingga penderita tidak lagi dapat mendengarnya.Telinga kiri
dan telinga kanan diperiksa secara terpisah.Untuk mengukur pendengaran melalui
hantaran udara digunakan earphone, sedangkan untuk mengukur pendengaran melalui
hantaran tulang digunakan sebuah alat yang digetarkan, yang kemudian diletakkan
pada prosesus mastoideus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Audimetri Ambang Bicara </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Audiometri ambang bicara mengukur
seberapa keras suara harus diucapkan supaya bisa dimengerti. Kepada penderita
diperdengarkan kata-kata yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata yang memiliki aksentuasi
yang sama, pada volume tertentu. Dilakukan perekaman terhadap volume dimana
penderita dapat mengulang separuh kata-kata yang diucapkan dengan benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskriminasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan diskriminasi dilakukan
penilaian terhadap kemampuan untuk membedakan kata-kata yang bunyinya hampir
sama. Digunakan kata-kata yang terdiri dari 1 suku kata, yang bunyinya hampir
sama.Pada tuli konduktif, nilai diskriminasi (persentasi kata-kata yang diulang
dengan benar)biasanya berada dalam batas normal.Pada tuli sensori, nilai
diskriminasi berada di bawahnormal.Pada tuli neural, nilai diskriminasi berada
jauh di bawah normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timpanometri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timpanometri merupakan sejenis
audiometri, yang mengukur impedansi (tahanan terhadap tekanan) pada telinga
tengah.Timpanometri digunakan untuk membantu menentukan penyebab dari tuli
konduktif.Prosedur in tidak memerlukan partisipasi aktif dari penderita dan
biasanya digunakan padaanak-anak.Timpanometer terdiri dari sebuah mikrofon dan
sebuah sumber suara yang terus menerus menghasilkan suara dan dipasang di
saluran telinga.Dengan alat ini bisa diketahui berapa banyak suara yang melalui
telinga tengah dan berapabanyak suara yang dipantulkan kembali sebagai perubahan
tekanan di saluran telinga.Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan apakah masalahnya
berupa:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penyumbatan tuba eustakius (saluran
yang menghubungkan telinga tengah dengan hidung bagian belakang) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cairan di dalam telinga tengah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kelainan pada rantai ketiga tulang
pendengaran yang menghantarkan suara melalui telinga tengah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timpanometri juga bisa menunjukkan
adanya perubahan pada kontraksi otot stapedius, yangmelekat pada tulang stapes
(salah satu tulang pendengaran di telinga tengah).Dalam keadaan normal, otot ini
memberikan respon terhadap suara-suara yang keras/gaduh(refleks akustik)
sehingga mengurangi penghantaran suara dan melindungi telinga tengah.Jika
terjadi penurunan fungsi pendengaran neural, maka refleks akustik akan berubah
ataumenjadi lambat. Dengan refleks yang lambat, otot stapedius tidak dapat
tetap berkontraksiselama telinga menerima suara yang gaduh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Respon Auditoris Batang Otak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
ini mengukur gelombang saraf di otak yang timbul akibat rangsangan pada saraf
pendengaran.Respon auditoris batang otak juga dapat digunakan untuk memantau
fungsi otak tertentu pada penderita koma atau penderita yang menjalani
pembedahan otak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elektrokokleografi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elektrokokleografi
digunakan untuk mengukur aktivitas koklea dan saraf pendengaran.Kadang pemeriksaan
ini bisa membantu menentukan penyebab dari penurunan fungsipendengaran
sensorineural.Elektrokokleografi dan respon auditoris batang otak bisa
digunakan untuk menilaipendengaran pada penderita yang tidak dapat atau tidak
mau memberikan respon bawah sadarterhadap suara.Misalnya untuk mengetahui
ketulian pada anak-anak dan bayi atau untuk memeriksa hipakusis psikogenik
(orang yang berpura-pura tuli).Beberapa pemeriksaan pendengaran bisa mengetahui
adanya kelainan pada daerah yang mengolah pendengaran di otak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
tersebut mengukur kemampuan untuk: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengartikan dan memahami percakapan
yang dikacaukan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memahami pesan yang disampaikan ke
telinga kanan pada saat telinga kiri menerima pesan yang lain </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menggabungkan pesan yang tidak
lengkap yang disampaikan pada kedua telinga menjadi pesan yang bermakna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menentukan sumber suara pada saat
suara diperdengarkan di kedua telinga pada waktu yang<br />
bersamaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jalur saraf dari setiap telinga
menyilang ke sisi otak yang berlawanan, karena itu kelainan pada otak kanan
akan mempengaruhi pendengaran pada telinga kiri. Kelainan pada batang otak bisa
mempengaruhi kemampuan dalam menggabungkan pesan yang tidak lengkap menjadi
pesan yang bermakna dan dalam menentukan sumber suara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
pemeriksaan yang khusus dilakukan pada anak – anak adalah: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Free Field Test </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilakukan pada ruangan kedap suara
dan diberikan rangsangan suara dalam berbagai frekuensi untuk menilai respons
anak terhadap bunyi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Behavioral Observation (0 – 6 bulan)
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada pemeriksaan ini diamati respons
terhadap sumber bunyi berupa perubahan sikap atau refleks pada bayi yang sedang
diperiksa </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conditioned Test (2 – 4 tahun) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-indent: 2.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anak dilatih untuk melakukan suatu
kegiatan saat mendengar suara stimuli tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.E.R.A (Brain Evoked Response
Audiometry) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 9pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat menilai fungsi pendengaran
anak atau bayi yang tidak kooperatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENATALAKSANAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengobatan untuk penurunan fungsi
pendengaran tergantung kepada penyebabnya.Jika penurunan fungsi pendengaran
konduktif disebabkan oleh adanya cairan di telinga tengah atau kotoran di
saluran telinga, maka dilakukan pembuangan cairan dan kotoran tersebut.Jika
penyebabnya tidak dapat diatasi, maka digunakan alat bantu dengar atau kadang
dilakukan pencangkokan koklea. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat bantu dengar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat bantu dengar merupakan suatu
alat elektronik yang dioperasikan dengan batere, yang berfungsi memperkuat dan
merubah suara sehingga komunikasi bisa berjalan dengan lancar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat bantu dengar terdiri dari:<br />
- Sebuah mikrofon untuk menangkap suara<br />
- Sebuah amplifier untuk meningkatkan volume suara<br />
- Sebuah speaker utnuk menghantarkan suara yang volumenya telah dinaikkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan hasil tes fungsi
pendengaran, seorang audiologis bisa menentukan apakah penderita sudah
memerlukan alat bantu dengar atau belum (audiologis adalah seorang profesional
kesehatan yang ahli dalam mengenali dan menentukan beratnya gangguan fungsi
pendengaran). Alat bantu dengar sangat membantu proses pendengaran dan
pemahaman percakapan pada penderita penurunan fungsi pendengaran sensorineural.
Dalam menentukan suatu alat bantu dengar, seorang audiologis biasanya akan mempertimbangkan
hal-hal berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- kemampuan mendengar penderita </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- aktivitas di rumah maupun di
tempat bekerja<br />
- keterbatasan fisik<br />
- keadaan medis<br />
- penampilan<br />
- harga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat Bantu Dengar Hantaran Udara </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat ini paling banyak digunakan,
biasanya dipasang di dalam saluran telinga dengan sebuah penutup kedap udara
atau sebuah selang kecil yang terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat Bantu Dengar Yang Dipasang Di
Badan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan pada penderita tuli dan
merupakan alat bantu dengar yang paling kuat. Alat ini disimpan dalam saku
kemeja atau celana dan dihubungkan dengan sebuah kabel ke alat yang dipasang di
saluran telinga.Alat ini seringkali dipakai oleh bayi dan anak-anak karena
pemakaiannya lebih mudah dan tidak mudah rusak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat Bantu Dengar Yang Dipasang Di
Belakang Telinga </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk penderita gangguan
fungsi pendengaran sedang sampai berat.Alat ini dipasang di belakang telinga
dan relatif tidak terlihat oleh orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CROS (contralateral routing of
signals) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat ini digunakan oleh penderita
yang hanya mengalami gangguan fungsi pendengaran pada salah satu
telinganya.Mikrofon dipasang pada telinga yang tidak berfungsi dan suaranya
diarahkan kepada telinga yang berfungsi melalui sebuah kabel atau sebuah
transmiter radio berukuran mini.Dengan alat ini, penderita dapat mendengarkan
suara dari sisi telinga yang tidak berfungsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BICROS (bilateral CROS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
telinga yang masih berfungsi juga mengalami penuruna fungsi pendengaran yang
ringan,maka suara dari kedua telinga bisa diperkeras dengan alat ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat Bantu Dengar Hantaran Tulang </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat
ini digunakan oleh penderita yang tidak dapat memakai alat bantu dengar
hantaran udara, misalnya penderita yang terlahir tanpa saluran telinga atau
jika dari telinganya keluar cairan otore. Alat ini dipasang di kepala, biasanya
di belakang telinga dengan bantuan sebuah pita elastis.Suara dihantarkan
melalui tulang tengkorak ke telinga dalam. Beberapa alat bantu dengar hantaran
tulang bisa ditanamkan pada tulang di belakang telinga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencangkokan
koklea</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencangkokan koklea (implan koklea)
dilakukan pada penderita tuli berat yang tidak dapat mendengar meskipun telah
menggunakan alat bantu dengar. Alat ini dicangkokkan di bawah kulit di belakang
telinga dan terdiri dari 4 bagian:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah mikrofon untuk menangkap
suara dari sekitar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah prosesor percakapan yang
berfungsi memilih dan mengubah suara yang tertangkap oleh mikrofon </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah transmiter dan
stimulator/penerima yang berfungsi menerima sinyal dari prosesor percakapan dan
merubahnya menjadi gelombang listrik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elektroda, berfungsi mengumpulkan
gelombang dari stimulator dan mengirimnya ke otak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu implan tidak mengembalikan
ataupun menciptakan fungsi pendengaran yang normal, tetapi bisa memberikan
pemahaman auditoris kepada penderita tuli dan membantu mereka dalam memahami
percakapan. Implan koklea sangat berbeda dengan alat bantu dengar. Alat bantu
dengar berfungsi memperkeras suara. Implan koklea menggantikan fungsi dari
bagian telinga dalam yang mengalami kerusakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
fungsi pendengaran normal, gelombang suara diubah menjadi gelombang listrik
oleh telinga dalam.Gelombang listrik ini lalu dikirim ke otak dan kita menerimanya
sebagai suara. Implan koklea bekerja dengan cara yang sama. Secara elektronik,
implan koklea menemukan bunyi yang berarti dan kemudian mengirimnya ke otak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSEP ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">identitas
pasien,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">riwayat
adanya kelainan nyeri,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">infeksi
saluran nafas atas yang berulang,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">riwayat
infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nyeri
telinga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rasa
penuh dan penurunan pendengaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">suhu
meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">malaise</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vertigo</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktifitas
terbatas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Takut
mengahadapi tindakan pembedahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B1(breathing)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
infeksi saluran pernafasan atas yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B2(blood)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: tidak ada
kelainan pada sistem</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kardiovaskuler</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B3(brain)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: pusing,
vertigo,nyeri, rasa penuh pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 180pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">telingga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B4(bladder)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: tidak ada kelainan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B5(bowel)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: tidak ada
kelainan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B6(bone&muskuluskeletal)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
malaise, aktivitas terbatas, suhu meningkat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan proses
peradangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan sensori / presepsi berhubungan
dengan kerusakan pada telingatengah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intoleransi aktifitas berhubungan dengan
nyeri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isolasi sosial berhubungan dengan nyeri,
otore</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnya pengetahuan mengenai pengobatan
dan pencegahan kekambuhan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ansietas berhubungan dengan prosedur
perubahan status kesehatan dan pengobatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cemas
berhubuangan dengan prosedur operasi, diagnosis, prognosis, anestesi, nyeri,
hilangnya fungsi, kemungkinan penurunan pendengaran lebih besar setelah
operasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gangguan
harga diri rendah berhubungan dengan berkurangnya pendengaran.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
berhubungan dengan proses peradangan<br />
Tujuan : Pasien mengambarkan nyeri dalam keadan minimal atau tidak ada nyeri<br />
<u>Intervensi</u>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aji nyeri, lokasi,karasteristik,
mulai timbul, frekuensi dan intensitas, gunakan tingkat ukuran nyeri<br />
R/ : untuk mengukur tingkat/kualitas nyeri guna intervensi selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jarkan dan bantu dengan alternative
teknik pengurangan nyeri (misalnya imajinasi, musik, relaksasi)<br />
R/ : pengalihan perhatian dapat mengurangi nyeri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bah posisi setiap 2 sampai 4 jam<br />
R/ : posisi yang nyaman dapat membantu mengurangi tingkat nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erikan analgesik jika dipesankan <br />
R/ : analgesic dapat mengurangi nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
sensori / persepsi berhubungan dengan kerusakan pada telinga tengah<br />
Tujuan : Klien memperlihatkan persepsi pendengaran yang baik<br />
</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntervensi</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat gangguan persepsi pendengaran klien<br />
R/ : untuk mengukur tingkat pendengaran pasien guna intervensi selanjutnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbicara
pada bagian sisi telinga yang baik<br />
R/ : berbicara pada bagian sisi telinga yang baik dapat membatu klien dalam
proses komunikasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan
bagian telinga yang kotor<br />
R/ : telinga yang bersih dapat membantu dalam proses pendengaran yang baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi
dengan dokter dengan tindakan pembedahan <br />
R/: tindakan pembedahan dapat membatu klien memperoleh pendengaran yang baik <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intoleransi
aktifitas berhubungan dengan nyeri<br />
Tujuan : klien dapat melakukan aktivitas dengan baik <br />
</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntervensi</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat intoleransi klien<br />
R/ : Untuk mengetahui tingkat aktivitas klien guna intervensi selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantu
klien untuk melakukan aktifitas sehari-hari<br />
R/ : Bantuan terhadap aktifitas klien dapat mempermudah pemenuhan kebutuhan
klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan
klien untuk melakukan aktivitas yang ringan <br />
R/ : Aktivitas yang ringan dapat membantu mengurangi energy yang keluar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Libatkan
keluarga untuk proses perawatan dan aktivitas klien<br />
R/ : Keluarga memiliki peranan penting dalam aktifitas sehari-hari klien selama
perawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajurkan
klien untuk istirahat yang cukup<br />
R/ : Istirahat yang cukup dapat mebantu meminimalkan pengeluaran energy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isolasi
sosial berhubungan dengan nyeri, otorrhea.<br />
Tujuan : pola koping klien adekuat<br />
</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntervensi</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat koping klien terhadap penyakit yang dialaminya<br />
R/ : Untuk mengetahui tingkat koping pasien terhadap penyakitnya guna
intervensi selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pola koping keluarga terhadap penyakit yang dialami klien<br />
R/ : Pola koping keluarga mempengaruhi koping pasien terhadap penykitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi yang adekuat mengenai penyakit yang dialami klien.<br />
R/ : Informasi adekuat dapat memperbaiki koping pasien terhadap penyakitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
motivasi kepada klien dalam menghadapi penyakitnya<br />
R/ : Motivasi dapat membantu pasien dalam menghadapi penyakitnya dan menjalani
pengobatan sehingga klien tidak merasa sendirian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan
keluarga untuk selalu memotivasi klien.<br />
R/ : Motivasi dari keluarga sangat membantu proses koping pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnya
pengetahuan mengenai pengobatan dan pencegahan kekambuhan<br />
Tujuan : klien dapat mengerti mengenai penyakitnya.<br />
</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntervensi</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pendidikan klien<br />
R/ : Untuk mengetahui tingkat pendidikan klien guna intervensi selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pengetahuan klien tentang prognosis penyakitnya <br />
R/ : untuk mengukur sejauh mana klien mengetahui tentang penyakitnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi yang lengkap mengenai penyakit klien.<br />
R/ : informasi yang lengkap dapat menambah pengetahuan klien sekaligus
mengurangi tingkat kecemasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi yang akurat jika klien membutuhkan informasi tentang penyakitnya.<br />
R/ : pemberian informasi yang akurat dapat menambah informasi tentang penyakit
yang dialami klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ansietas
berhubungan dengan prosedur perubahan status kesehatan dan pengobatan<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ujuan
: klien memperlihatkan ekspresi wajah yang ceria.<br />
<u>Intervensi:</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aji tingkat ansietas klien terhadap
penyakitnya<br />
R/ : untuk mengukur tingakt kecemasan klien terhadap penyakitnya guna
implementasi selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pengetahuan klien tentang penyakitnya<br />
R/ : sebagai tolak ukur untuk memberikan informasi selanjutnya mengenai penyakit
yang di alaminya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi klien tentang penyakitnya.<br />
R/: Informasi yang adekuat dapat mengurangi kecemassan klien terhadap
penyakitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
dorongan pada klien dalam menghadapi penyakitnya.<br />
R/: Dorongan yang adekuat dapat menurunkan tingkat kecemasan klien sekaligus
memberikan perhatian kepada klien. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Libatkan
keluarga klien dalam proses pengobatan<br />
R/: Keluarga klien memiliki peranan penting dalam proses penyembuhan dan menurunkan
tingkat kecemasan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 63.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cemas
berhubuangan dengan prosedur operasi, diagnosis, prognosis, anestesi, nyeri,
hilangnya fungsi, kemungkinan penurunan pendengaran lebih besar setelah
operasi.<br />
Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Rasa cemas
klien akan berkurang/hilang.<br />
Kriteria hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Klien mampu
mengungkapkan ketakutan/kekhawatirannya.<br />
Intervensi Keperawatan :</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 67.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mengatakan
hal sejujurnya kepada klien ketika mendiskusikan mengenai kemungkinan kemajuan
dari fungsi pendengarannya untuk mempertahankan harapan klien dalam
berkomunikasi.<br />
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">R/ Harapan-harapan yang tidak realistik tiak dapat
mengurangi kecemasan, justru malah menimbulkan ketidak percayaan klien terhadap
perawat. Menunjukkan kepada klien bahwa dia dapat berkomunikasi dengan efektif
tanpa menggunakan alat khusus, sehingga dapat mengurangi rasa cemasnya.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 67.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan
informasi mengenai kelompok yang juga pernah mengalami gangguan seperti yang
dialami klien untuk memberikan dukungan kepada klien.<br />
R/ Dukungan dari bebarapa orang yang memiliki pengalaman yang sama akan sangat
membantu klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 67.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan
informasi mengenai sumber-sumber dan alat-lat yang tersedia yang dapat membantu
klien.<br />
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">R/ Agar klien menyadari sumber-sumber apa saja yang ada
disekitarnya yang dapat mendukung dia untuk berkomunikasi.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 67.65pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gangguan
harga diri rendah berhubungan dengan berkurangnya pendengaran.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4cm; text-indent: -63.75pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pendengaran
menjadi normal, sehingga meningkatkan rasa percaya diri klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-indent: -77.95pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kriteria Hasil : Percaya diri klien meningkat karena
dapat mendengar dengan normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intervensi keperawatan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 70.9pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menggunakan
alat bantu pendengaran, seperti koklear implant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 70.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">R/ dengan
menggunakan alat bantu pendengaran meningkatkan respon pendengaran klien,
sehingga klien dapat mendengar suara dengan normal, sehingga komunikasi klien
dengan orang lain tetap lancar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 70.9pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Ajari
klien menggunakan bahasa isyarat, atau body language dan media tulisan.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">R/ Klien dapat berkomunikasi dengan orang lain dengan
menggunakan bahasa tubuh atau bahasa isyarat lainnya dan bisa juga dengan
ditulis, sehingga komunikasi klien tetap lancar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Ajari
keluarga dan kolega klien untuk berbicara lebih keras atau cenderung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendekat ke telinga yang sehat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 70.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memudahkan klien untuk mendengar, sehingga
komunikasi klien tetap lancar, harga diri klien meningkat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implementasi<br />
Implementasi dilaksanakan sesuai dengan intervensi yang telah dibuat dengan
menyesuaikan terhadap kondisi klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien mengambarkan nyeri dalam keadan
minimal atau tidak ada nyeri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien memperlihatkan persepsi
pendengaran yang baik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien dapat melakukan aktivitas dengan
baik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola koping klien adekuat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien dapat mengeti dengan penyakitnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lien
memperlihatkan ekspresi wajah yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> ceria</span></div>
<div style="border: medium none; color: blue; padding: 0cm 0cm 1pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
</div>
</div>
<br style="color: blue;" /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ketuliandibidang
konduksi atau disebut tuli konduksi dimana kelainanterletak antara meatus
akustikus eksterna sampai dengana tulangpendengaran stapes. Tuli di bidang
konduksi ini biasanya dapatditolong dengan memuaskan, baik dengan pengobatan
ataudengan suatu tindakan misalnya pembedahan.Tuli yang lain yaitu tuli
persepsi <i>(sensori neural hearing-</i></span></span><span class="ft81"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">loss) </span></i></span><span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">dimana letak kelainan mulai </span></span><span class="ft91"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">dari </span></span><span class="ft61"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">organ
korti di kokleasampai dengan pusat pendengaran di otak. Tuli persepsi
inibiasanya sulit dalam pengobatannya.Apabila tuli konduksi dan tuli persepsi
timbul bersamaan,disebut tuli campuran.Untuk mengetahui jenis ketulian
diperlukan pemeriksaanpendengaran.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mencgah
terjadinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tuli perepsi maupun tuli
konduksi, sebaiknya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 61.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari suara keras, ramai dan kebisingan.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 61.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari diet yang berlemak.Hal-hal lain yang dianjurkan ialah hindari
dingin yang berlebihan, rokok yang berlebihan dan stres. Anemia,
kekuranganvitamin dan insufisiensi kardiovaskular juga harus segera diobati.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Carpenito,
Lynda Juall. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">2001. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Saku Diagnosis Keperawatan</i>. EGC.
Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-indent: -55.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">George L, Adams. 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">BOEIS : Buku ajar Penyakit THT</i>. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Edisi 6. EGC. Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-indent: -55.4pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Iskandar,
H. Nurbaiti,dkk 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit THT</i>. Balai Penerbit FKUI. Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mukmin,
Sri; Herawati, Sri. 1999<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Teknik
Pemeriksaan THT.</i> Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit THT, FK UNAIR. Surabaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -35.3pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pedoman
Diagnosis dan Terapi, Lab/UPF Ilmu Penyakit Telinga, Hidung dan<br />
Tenggorokan RSUD Dr Soetomo Surabaya</span></div>
<span lang="FI" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rukmin, Sri; Herawati, Sri. 1999. Teknik Pemeriksaan THT. EGC. Jakarta</span>Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-72676863308364211992013-04-21T19:58:00.000-07:002013-04-21T19:58:01.428-07:00Gerak Lurus Beraturan (GLB)<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<b>Gerak Lurus</b></div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
Pernahkah kamu mengamati bagaimana jalannya kereta api? Lintasannya
lurus, parabola atau lingkaran? Gerak suatu benda dalam lintasan lurus
disebut gerak lurus. Buah kelapa yang jatuh dari pohonnya adalah contoh
gerak lurus. Gerak bumi mengelilingi matahari merupakan gerak dengan
kecepatan tetap dengan waktu tempuh satu tahun. Menurut bentuk
lintasannya, gerak lurus dibagi menjadi gerak lurus beraturan dan gerak
lurus berubah beraturan.</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<b>Gerak Lurus Beraturan (<a href="http://trikuangdalam.blogspot.com/">GLB</a>)</b></div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
Benda yang bergerak dengan kecepatan tetap dikatakan melakukan gerak
lurus beraturan. Jadi, syarat benda bergerak lurus beraturan apabila
gerak benda menempuh lintasan lurus dan kelajuan benda tidak berubah.
Pada gerak lurus beraturan, benda menempuh jarak yang sama dalam selang
waktu yang sama pula. Sebagai contoh, mobil yang melaju menempuh jarak 2
meter dalam waktu 1 detik, maka satu detik berikutnya menempuh jarak 2
meter lagi, begitu seterusnya. Dengan kata lain, perbandingan jarak
dengan selang waktu selalu konstan atau kecepatannya konstan. Pada gerak
lurus beraturan (GLB) kelajuan dan kecepatan hampir sulit dibedakan
karena lintasannya yang lurus menyebabkan jarak dan perpindahan yang
ditempuh besarnya sama. Persamaan GLB, secara matematis dapat dirumuskan
sebagai berikut.</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdd53lQZSZdcj96FhvhJzSW0I1xU1bByouw7m_7SKn5NuBwDBo3rs_pv-nh-P-OtMl4e51BnR-ZCqNVlc09xAJLH-RpEl65PHwcraBSQGqf9OF7GLx84SBKDw7fl1mtMnaMefwjV61mJ_9/s1600-h/e12.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdd53lQZSZdcj96FhvhJzSW0I1xU1bByouw7m_7SKn5NuBwDBo3rs_pv-nh-P-OtMl4e51BnR-ZCqNVlc09xAJLH-RpEl65PHwcraBSQGqf9OF7GLx84SBKDw7fl1mtMnaMefwjV61mJ_9/s320/e12.PNG" /></a>Keterangan:</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
v = kecepatan (m/s)</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
s = perpindahan (m)</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
t = waktu (s)</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
Secara grafik dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: blue; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBH5QkQrv_88UyC499FMDQWLj9jXoFPlUnBSNlhgjEE4FnXWlEoo90KuTKzKY3vCJh9u8VtMDwoIjFnlcexOAuEpE10gDdExch5sXWDVO12DjmOSX4zT54Pkfomy6Wh1WaUumsEwfgci0u/s1600-h/e13.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBH5QkQrv_88UyC499FMDQWLj9jXoFPlUnBSNlhgjEE4FnXWlEoo90KuTKzKY3vCJh9u8VtMDwoIjFnlcexOAuEpE10gDdExch5sXWDVO12DjmOSX4zT54Pkfomy6Wh1WaUumsEwfgci0u/s320/e13.PNG" /></a></div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
Jika benda sudah memiliki jarak tertentu terhadap acuan, maka</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: blue; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxWcW3x2YHYuKpoKHjTsYOGWvm1JTIWx0lfEBSuvjbtkd4UkU_z5IHtgxMJJBM-B8Wj8lHF3z25rA6e72RX6gKaHE8LHYQNuVH16W3jikVUpqZuD6_E-fP4v1wt1CBBs57Cc9BiPpk6Ylv/s1600-h/e22.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxWcW3x2YHYuKpoKHjTsYOGWvm1JTIWx0lfEBSuvjbtkd4UkU_z5IHtgxMJJBM-B8Wj8lHF3z25rA6e72RX6gKaHE8LHYQNuVH16W3jikVUpqZuD6_E-fP4v1wt1CBBs57Cc9BiPpk6Ylv/s320/e22.PNG" /></a></div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
dengan s0 = kedudukan benda pada t = 0(kedudukan awal) Kecepatan gerak
benda pada GLB adalah tetap. Seperti terlihat pada grafik di bawah,
benda bergerak dengan kecepatan tetap v m/s. Selama t sekon maka jarak
yang ditempuh adalah s = v x t. Jarak yang ditempuh benda tersebut dalam
suatu grafik v – t pada GLB adalah sama dengan luas daerah yang
diarsir.</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://trikuangdalam.blogspot.com/"><b>Latihan!!</b></a></div>
<ol style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<li>Bus Trans Jakarta melaju dengan kecepatan konstan 108 km/jam selama 2 jam. Tentukan jarak yang ditempuhnya!</li>
<li>Pesawat tempur F-16 melintas di udara dengan kecepatan tetap 216
km/jam, menempuh jarak 500 meter. Berapakah waktu yang dibutuhkannya?</li>
<li>Dua buah mobil A dan B mula-mula terpisah sejauh 500 m, bergerak
dengan kecepatan konstan masing-masing 20 m/s dan 30 m/s. Hitung kapan
dan di mana mobil A berpapasan!</li>
</ol>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-68090624025311293252013-04-21T19:56:00.004-07:002013-04-21T19:56:29.964-07:00Besaran dan Satuan<div style="color: blue;">
Berapakah tinggi dan berat badanmu? Tentu saja kamu dapat mengukur
secara langsung tinggi badanmu dengan alat ukur meteran pita, misalnya
165 cm. Bagaimana dengan berat badanmu? Di dalam pembicaraan kita
sehari-hari yang dimaksud dengan berat badan adalah massa, sedangkan
dalam Fisika pengertian berat dan massa berbeda. Berat badan dapat kita
tentukan dengan menggunakan alat timbangan berat badan. Misalnya,
setelah ditimbang berat badanmu 50 kg atau dalam Fisika bermassa 50 kg.
Tinggi atau panjang dan massa adalah sesuatu yang dapat kita ukur dan
dapat kita nyatakan dengan angka dan satuan. Panjang dan massa merupakan
besaran Fisika. Jadi, besaran Fisika adalah ukuran fisis suatu benda
yang dinyatakan secara kuantitas.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Besaran Pokok dan Besaran Turunan</span><br />
Besaran Fisika dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu besaran pokok dan
besaran turunan. Besaran pokok adalah besaran yang sudah ditetapkan
terlebih dahulu. Adapun, besaran turunan merupakan besaran yang
dijabarkan dari besaran-besaran pokok. Sistem satuan besaran Fisika pada
prinsipnya bersifat standar atau baku, yaitu bersifat tetap, berlaku
universal, dan mudah digunakan setiap saat dengan tepat. Sistem satuan
standar ditetapkan pada tahun 1960 melalui pertemuan para ilmuwan di
Sevres, Paris. Sistem satuan yang digunakan dalam dunia pendidikan dan
pengetahuan dinamakan sistem metrik, yang dikelompokkan menjadi sistem
metrik besar atau MKS (Meter Kilogram Second) yang disebut sistem
internasional atau disingkat SI dan sistem metrik kecil atau CGS
(Centimeter Gram Second). Besaran pokok dan besaran turunan beserta
dengan satuannya dapat dilihat dalam Tabel berikut.<br />
<br />
</div>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://trikuangdalam.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Besaran Pokok</span></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFxhmatod6tvhAmbGJiN_GjOLMHOhUBtniRuhA0peJjEApcZvevaaodfiOk3hfsrqTiKVnkorsmAM4QQtPzN8Ds9CKX6Nqn7VVbwzxIrfrR3pCYIiMzIGIpob2Q3StV71l26uNUpL4dkSt/s1600-h/besaranpokok.png" style="color: blue;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438030762716569970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFxhmatod6tvhAmbGJiN_GjOLMHOhUBtniRuhA0peJjEApcZvevaaodfiOk3hfsrqTiKVnkorsmAM4QQtPzN8Ds9CKX6Nqn7VVbwzxIrfrR3pCYIiMzIGIpob2Q3StV71l26uNUpL4dkSt/s400/besaranpokok.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 136px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><span style="color: blue;">Selain
tujuh besaran pokok di atas, terdapat dua besaran pokok tambahan, yaitu
sudut bidang datar dengan satuan radian (rad) dan sudut ruang dengan
satuan steradian (sr).</span><br style="color: blue;" />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<div style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Besaran Turunan</span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij71PT9H9NFqXqD2WWd2INyY6sAVlJ9pZlJImnl04VjrFu-BXngl_3HF8RCej5cnMXWISkMC18uMYWBBV86jJsKryj6rfQKwCoicJSuby9DSbjhb_hR54fFVS8Dmw4pYKJLvA7C1YNYjSA/s1600-h/besaranturunan.png" style="color: blue;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5438030772255572962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij71PT9H9NFqXqD2WWd2INyY6sAVlJ9pZlJImnl04VjrFu-BXngl_3HF8RCej5cnMXWISkMC18uMYWBBV86jJsKryj6rfQKwCoicJSuby9DSbjhb_hR54fFVS8Dmw4pYKJLvA7C1YNYjSA/s400/besaranturunan.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 183px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">Konversi Satuan</span><br style="color: blue;" /><span style="color: blue;">
Di samping satuan sistem metrik, juga dikenal satuan lainnya yang sering
dipakai dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, misalnya liter, inci, yard, feet,
mil, ton, dan ons. Satuan-satuan tersebut dapat dikonversi atau diubah
ke dalam satuan sistem metrik dengan patokan yang ditentukan. Konversi
besaran panjang menggunakan acuan sebagai berikut:</span><br style="color: blue;" />
<ul style="color: blue;">
<li>1 mil = 1760 yard (1 yard adalah jarak pundak sampai ujung jari tangan orang dewasa).</li>
<li>1 yard = 3 feet (1 feet adalah jarak tumit sampai ujung jari kaki orang dewasa).</li>
<li>1 feet = 12 inci (1 inci adalah lebar maksimal ibu jari tangan orang dewasa).</li>
<li>1 inci = 2,54 cm</li>
<li>1 cm = 0,01 m</li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;">
Satuan mil, yard, feet, inci tersebut dinamakan satuan sistem Inggris.
Untuk besaran massa berlaku juga sistem konversi dari satuan sehari-hari
maupun sistem Inggris ke dalam sistem SI. Contohnya sebagai berikut.</span><br style="color: blue;" />
<ul style="color: blue;">
<li>1 ton = 1000 kg</li>
<li>1 ons (oz) = 0,02835 kg</li>
<li>1 kuintal = 100 kg</li>
<li>1 pon (lb) = 0,4536 kg</li>
<li>1 slug = 14,59 kg</li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;">
Satuan waktu dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dapat dikonversi ke dalam sistem SI yaitu detik atau sekon. Contohnya sebagai berikut.</span><br style="color: blue;" />
<ul style="color: blue;">
<li>1 tahun = 3,156 x 10^7 detik</li>
<li>1 jam = 3600 detik</li>
<li>1 hari = 8,640 x 10^4 detik</li>
<li>1 menit = 60 detik</li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;">
Besaran turunan memiliki satuan yang dijabarkan dari satuan
besaran-besaran pokok yang mendefinisikan besaran turunan tersebut. Oleh
karena itu, seringkali dijumpai satuan besaran turunan dapat berkembang
lebih dari satu macam karena penjabarannya dari definisi yang berbeda.
Sebagai contoh, satuan percepatan dapat ditulis dengan m/s^2 dapat juga
ditulis dengan N/kg. Satuan besaran turunan dapat juga dikonversi.
Perhatikan beberapa contoh di bawah ini!</span><br style="color: blue;" />
<ul style="color: blue;">
<li>1 dyne = 10^-5 newton</li>
<li>1 erg = 10^-7 joule</li>
<li>1 kalori = 0,24 joule</li>
<li>1 kWh = 3,6 x 10^6 joule</li>
<li>1 liter = 10^-3 m^3 = 1 dm^3</li>
<li>1 ml = 1 cm^3 = 1 cc</li>
<li>1 atm = 1,013 x 10^5 pascal</li>
<li>1 gauss = 10^-4 tesla</li>
</ul>
<br style="color: blue;" />
<a href="http://trikuangdalam.blogspot.com/" style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Latihan!!</span></a><br style="color: blue;" />
<ol style="color: blue;">
<li>Adik sakit demam. Badannya terasa hangat. Ibu bermaksud mengukur
panas badan adik. Alat ukur apa yang harus digunakan ibu? Sebutkan
besaran pokok apa yang diukur!</li>
<li>Kakak mengendarai sepeda motor dengan kecepatan 54 km/jam. Dia
hendak membeli bensin sebanyak 2 liter di pom bensin. Tulislah satuan
besaran-besaran yang ada pada tersebut dalam SI dan lambang dimensinya!</li>
<li>Konversikan satuan-satuan berikut ini!</li>
</ol>
<ul style="color: blue;">
<li>0,01 m dalam satuan μm</li>
<li>1000 km dalam satuan mm</li>
<li>25,4 cm dalam satuan inci</li>
<li>3 feet dalam satuan cm dan m</li>
<li>10 g dalam satuan mg dan kg</li>
<li>3 ons dalam satuan g dan kg</li>
<li>30 sekon dalam satuan menit</li>
</ul>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-35934717893235074562013-04-21T19:54:00.001-07:002013-04-21T19:54:07.850-07:00Contoh Soal Gelombang Dan Bunyi<div style="color: blue;">
Pilih salah satu jawaban yang paling tepat!<br />
<br />
1. Bunyi yang frekuensinya tidak beraturan disebut<br />
a. Gema c. Gaung<br />
b. Desah d. Nada<br />
<br />
2. Kelalawar dapat terbang malam hari dengan menggunakan…<br />
a. Megasonik c. Audiosonik<br />
b. Ultra sonic d. Infrasonik<br />
<br />
3. Gelombang bunyi merupakan contoh bentuk
Gelombang…..<br />
a. Cahaya c. Transversal<br />
b. Elektromagnetik d. Longitudinal<br />
<br />
4. Di bawah ini alat yang dapat digunakan untuk meredam bunyi adalah…<br />
a. Lembaran kayu<br />
c. Dinding tembok<br />
b. Karpet<br />
d. Lembaran almunium<br />
<br />
5. Gelombang bunyi tidak dapat merambat melalui..<br />
a. Zat cair c. Zat gas<br />
b. Zat padat d. Ruang hampa udara<br />
<br />
6. Kuat lemahnya bunyi tergantung pada jarak dan…<br />
a. Frekuensi c. Gema<br />
b. Amplitudo d. Resonansi<br />
<br />
7. Resonansi hanya dapat terjadi apabila..<br />
a. Amplitudonya berbeda<br />
b. Amplitudonya sama<br />
c. Frekuensinya sama<br />
d. Frekuensinya berbeda<br />
<br />
8. Jenis bunyi yang hanya dapat didengar oleh jangkrik adalah….<br />
a. Infrasonik c. Audiosonik<br />
b. Ultrasonik d. Ultrasonografi<br />
<br />
9. Bunyi pantul yang terdengar sesudah bunyi asli disebut…<br />
a. Gaung c. Kerdam<br />
b. Gema d. Nada<br />
<br />
10. Gelombang bunyi yang mengenai permukaan keras akan…<br />
a. Diteruskan c. Dipantulkan<br />
b. Hilang d. Dibiaskan<br />
<br />
11. Pesawat super sonic adalah pesawat terbang yang…..<br />
a. Kelajuannya di atas 340 m/s<br />
b. Kelajuannya di bawah 340 m/s<br />
c. Memancarkan frekuensi di atas 20 000 hz<br />
d. Memancarkan frekuensi di bawah 20 000 hz<br />
<br />
12. Cepat rambat bunyi bergantung pada….<br />
a. Jenis suhu dan mediumnya<br />
b. Jenis mediumnya<br />
c. Suhu mediumnya<br />
d. Frekuensinya<br />
<br />
13. Bunyi merupakan gelombang…<br />
a. Laut c. Mekanik<br />
b. Mikro d. Elektromagnetik<br />
<br />
14. Pada saat meriam meletus yang terlihat dari jarak
jauh yang terlihat mula-mula nyala api kemudian baru terdengan bunyi, hal ini terjadi karena……..<br />
a. Kecepatan bunyi lebih besar dari kecepaatan
cahaya<br />
b. Bunyi merambat memerlukan waktu<br />
c. Pengaruh gema yang terjadi<br />
d. Cahaya merambat tidak memerlukan waktu<br />
<br />
15. Gelombang bunyi lebih cepat merambat di dalam….<br />
a. Udara c. Air<br />
b. Besi d. Ruang hampa<br />
<br />
16. Tinggi bunyi tergantung pada….<br />
a. Jarak c. Frekuensi<br />
b. Ampitudo d. Resonansi<br />
<br />
17. Bunyi yang frekuensinya beraturan disebut….<br />
a. Gaung c. Desah<br />
b. Nada d. Gema<br />
<br />
18. Bunyi dapat didengar oleh manusia adalah..<br />
a. Infrasonik c. Audiosonik<br />
b. Ultrasonik d. Ultrasonografi<br />
<br />
19. Gema terjadi di…..<br />
a. Aula c. Gedung-gedung<br />
b. Kamar d. Lembah-lembah<br />
<br />
20. Bunyi pantul terdengar 0,1 sekon setelah bunyi asli. Jika cepat rambat bunyi dalam air laut 1500 m/s,
Hitunglah kedalaman air laut itu ?<br />
a . 150 m c. 50 m<br />
b . 75 m d. 25 m</div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-55491775702916869632013-04-21T19:52:00.000-07:002013-04-21T19:52:23.276-07:002013: Lomba Menulis Cerpen<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Paling Lambat: 17 November 2013, Pukul 24.00 WIB</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lomba
ini diselenggarakan oleh Writing Revolution, yang berkantor pusat di
Kota Yogyakarta. Lomba ini berskala nasional dan boleh diikuti oleh
siapa saja dengan syarat dan ketentuan tertulis di bawah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">*20 Cerpen Nominator Dibukukan.</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tema Umum: Seputar Dunia Remaja</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Topik Pilihan:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Remaja Anti Narkoba dan Seks Bebas</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Remaja dalam Lokalitas dan Budaya</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nasionalisme Remaja</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Remaja dan Lingkungan Hidup</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Spiritual dan Moralitas Remaja</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kemandirian Remaja</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PESERTA:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anggota
SMCO, Umum : Pelajar, mahasiswa, guru, dosen, penulis pemula, penulis
senior, dan siapa saja boleh ikutan, dengan ketentuan khusus (baca poin
selanjutnya).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />SYARAT PENULISAN:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jumlah 4-8 halaman, spasi ganda (2), jenis huruf Times New Roman font 12, ukuran kerta A4.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Margin (garis): atas, bawah, samping kiri dan kanan (semua sisi 3 cm atau 1,18 inci), beri nomor halaman.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kesesuaian dengan tema lomba dan <b>PILIH SALAH SATU TOPIK</b> (judul
boleh berbeda dengan topik lomba) tidak mengandung asusila, ponografi
dan kekerasan berlebihan, serta tidak menyinggung SARA.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Biodata penulis ditulis di bagian akhir naskah cerpen, halaman biodata tidak dihitung sebagai halaman naskah cerpen.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mencantumkan Nomor Anggota SMCO WRITING REVOLUTION (bagi anggota SMCO) di bagian biodata atau <b>bukti transfer registrasi</b> bagi <b>peserta umum</b>. Jika tidak ada salah satunya, cerpennya dinyatakan GUGUR.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kirim naskah cerpen ke alamat email: </span><strong><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">lombacerpen2013@gmail.com</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (dengan menulis di judul/subjek email: <b>LMCR 2013 – Judul Cerpen</b>)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Setiap peserta hanya boleh mengirim 1 cerpen terbaiknya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cerpen
tidak pernah diikutkan pada lomba cerpen atau tidak pernah diterbitkan
di media cetak atau online, FB, Blog atau tidak pernah dipublikasikan
dalam buku antologi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Syarat
penulisan dan kelengkapan naskah menjadi faktor penentu lolos tidaknya
naskah cerpen seleksi pertama untuk dinilai oleh Dewan Juri.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KETENTUAN PESERTA:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<ul style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gratis untuk Anggota SMCO.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Peserta Umum (bukan anggota SMCO) membayar uang registrasi <b>Rp 35.000</b>,- (sebagai
uang ganti buku antologi pemenang dan ongkos kirim) dan berhak
mendapatkan 1 eksemplar buku Antologi Pemenang LMC 2013. Cara pembayaran
registrasi lomba bisa dilihat di bagian bawah informasi lomba ini.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KRITERIA PENILAIAN</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<ul style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Orisinalitas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kreativitas pengolahan ide.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kedalaman pesan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Keindahan bahasa, kaidah penulisan dan kelengkapan naskah.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PENGUMUMAN PEMENANG:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengumuman 25 Nominator 31 Januari 2013, Pengumuman Pemenang 15 Februari 2013.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">HADIAH:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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</div>
<ul style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Juara I: Rp 2.000.000,- (ditambah Buku Antologi Cerpen Pemenang dan sertifikat penghargaan).</span></b></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Juara II: Rp 1.000.000,- (ditambah Buku Antologi Cerpen Pemenang dan sertifikat penghargaan).</span></b></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Juara III: Rp 750.000,- (ditambah Buku Antologi Cerpen Pemenang dan sertifikat penghargaan).</span></b></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tiga Pemenang Favorit @ Rp 200.000,- (ditambah Buku Antologi Cerpen Pemenang dan sertifikat penghargaan).</span></b></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><br style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;" /></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KETENTUAN MENGIKAT</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Keputusan DEWAN JURI tidak bisa diganggu gugat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Panitia tidak MELAYANI SURAT-MENYURAT.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">DEWAN
JURI berhak membatalkan keputusannya, jika di kemudian hari diketahui
karya pemenang lomba melanggar karya cipta orang lain (plagiat)atau
mengikuti lomba sejenis atau telah dimuat di koran/majalah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">HAK CIPTA tetap ada pada penulis, sedangkan PANITIA memiliki HAK untuk MEMPUBLIKASIKANNYA (membukukkannya).</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NOMOR KONTAK:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">*085763208009, 082325247708, 087739109758</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">CARA PEMBAYARAN REGISTRASI LOMBA:</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1) </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Transfer uang pendaftaran lomba<b> Rp 35.000,- </b></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ke salah satu rekening bank berikut ini:</span></span></div>
<ul style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">BCA: 2200-451-972 *Joni Lis Efendi, Cabang Pekanbaru</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">BNI: 023-9924-067 *Joni Lis Efendi, KCP Panam</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">BRI: 2087-01001-202500 *Joni Lis Efendi, KCP Panam</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.8pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">BSM/Bank Syariah Mandiri: 095-7046-370 *Joni Lis Efendi, KCP Panam</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2) Kirim file foto/scan bukti transfer (file terpisah) bersama file naskah cerpen ke email: </span><strong><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">lombacerpen2013@gmail.com</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3) </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tulis
alamat lengkap pada bagian biodata peserta (di halaman terakhir
cerpennya). Alamat ini digunakan untuk pengiriman buku Antologi Pemenang
Lomba. Apabila alamatnya tidak lengkap, maka itu di luar tanggung jawab
kami jika kiriman bukunya tidak sampai.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Info Lengkap klik: <a href="http://www.writing-revolution.blogspot.com/" style="text-decoration: none;">www.writing-revolution.blogspot.com</a></span></b></div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-11532942987607418532013-04-21T19:50:00.002-07:002013-04-21T19:50:50.602-07:002013: Lomba dengan Total Hadiah Rp 285 Juta <div style="color: blue;">
<strong style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">BUKIT TINGGI, KOMPAS.com —</strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> “Bukitinggi
MILO Wisata Internasional 10K 2013”, yang disponsori Nestlé MILO,
digelar kembali di Kota Bukittinggi, Sumatera Barat, pada Minggu, 12 Mei
2013 pagi, memperebutkan hadiah uang berjumlah total Rp 285 juta.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Lomba
lari bertaraf internasional yang telah 13 kali diselenggarakan oleh
Pemerintah Kota Bukittinggi sejak 1984 itu diharapkan akan diikuti
10.000 peserta putra dan putri dari dalam dan luar negeri, yang terdiri
atas kategori pelari internasional, pelari nasional, pelajar, dan
mahasiswa, serta pelari umum, termasuk wisatawan domestik dan
mancanegara.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">”Tahun
ini merupakan tahun ketiga Nestlé MILO mendukung Bukittinggi MILO
Wisata Internasional 10K. Kami bangga dapat bekerja sama dengan
Pemerintah Kota Bukittinggi dalam turut menyukseskan lomba lari ini, dan
semoga kehadiran Nestlé MILO mampu memberikan energi dan semangat bagi
para peserta. Dukungan ini adalah bagian dari komitmen Nestlé MILO untuk
terus mempromosikan olahraga sebagai bagian dari gaya hidup sehat, yang
sejalan dengan misi Nestlé Indonesia dalam turut mewujudkan masyarakat
Indonesia yang lebih sehat,” kata Manajer Bisnis MILO, PT Nestlé
Indonesia, Prawitya Soemadijo.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Sementara
Ketua KONI Kota Bukittinggi Fauzan Haviz mengungkapkan, ”Saya sangat
mengapresiasi pihak Nestlé MILO yang telah kembali mendukung Pemerintah
Kota Bukittinggi dalam menyelenggarakan lomba lari Bukittinggi MILO
Wisata Internasional 10K 2013. Harapan saya, semoga dengan dilaksanakan
acara ini akan lahir pelari-pelari internasional dari Bukittinggi dan
sekaligus menjadikan Bukittinggi sebagai salah satu kota tujuan wisata
berskala internasional.”</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">”Dengan
adanya lomba lari Bukittinggi MILO Wisata Internasional 10K 2013, kami
mengharapkan ke depannya Bukittinggi akan menjadi salah satu tujuan kota
pariwisata olahraga karena didukung dengan geografi dan topografi serta
udara yang masih bersih di Bukittinggi," kata Made Rizal, Ketua Panitia
Pelaksana lomba lari Bukittinggi MILO Wisata Internasional 10K 2013,
yang juga Ketua Komisi C DPRD Kota Bukittinggi.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Bukittinggi
MILO Wisata Internasional 10K 2013 dilaksanakan dalam rangka peringatan
ulang tahun ke-29 Bukittinggi sebagai Kota Wisata, yang terkenal
sebagai kota dengan keindahan alam dan hawa sejuk serta terletak pada
posisi strategis di silang tengah Pulau Sumatera.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Pendaftaran
peserta dibuka sejak 15 April hingga 11 Mei 2013 tanpa dipungut biaya.
Calon peserta cukup membawa fotokopi kartu tanda penduduk atau kartu
pelajar /mahasiswa di Sekretariat KONI (Komite Olahraga Nasional
Indonesia) Bukittinggi, Jalan Dr. A. Rifai No. 17 A, Bukittinggi,
Sumbar, telepon 0752-32870. (/*)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Sumber informasi : </span>http://olahraga.kompas.com/read/2013/04/12/20432686/Lomba.dengan.Total.Hadiah.Rp.285.Juta</div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-83185361234784361782013-04-05T19:48:00.000-07:002013-04-05T19:48:08.384-07:00ASKEP EUTHANASIA<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<b><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Latar Belakang</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Dalam bidang keperawatan kita akan menemukan yang dinamakan dengan
euthanasia.Membunuh bisa dilakukan secara legal. Itulah euthanasia, pembuhuhan
legal yang sampai kini masih jadi kontroversi. Pembunuhan legal ini pun ada beragam
jenisnya. oleh karena itu perawat perlu memiliki pengetahuan tentang euthanasia
agar bisa mengambil keputusan dalam melakukan tindakan nanti.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b>B. Tujuan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Pembuatan makalah ini bertujuan untuk menambah pengetahuan perawat
sehingga mudah dalam mengambil keputusan. disamping itu perawat juga bisa
menjadi berperan dalam mengambil keputusan bersama. </div>
<b style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><span style="color: blue;"></span><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">EUTHANASIA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Membunuh bisa dilakukan secara
legal. Itulah euthanasia, pembuhuhan legal yang sampai kini masih jadi
kontroversi. Pembunuhan legal ini pun ada beragam jenisnya.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Secara umum, kematian adalah
suatu topik yang sangat ditakuti oleh publik. Hal demikian tidak terjadi di
dalam dunia kedokteran atau kesehatan. Dalam konteks kesehatan modern, kematian
tidaklah selalu menjadi sesuatu yang datang secara tiba-tiba. Kematian dapat
dilegalisir menjadi sesuatu yang definit dan dapat dipastikan tanggal
kejadiannya. Euthanasia memungkinkan hal tersebut terjadi.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Euthanasia adalah tindakan
mengakhiri hidup seorang individu secara tidak menyakitkan, ketika tindakan
tersebut dapat dikatakan sebagai bantuan untuk meringankan penderitaan dari
individu yang akan mengakhiri hidupnya.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Ada empat metode euthanasia:</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Euthanasia sukarela: ini dilakukan oleh individu
yang secara sadar menginginkan kematian.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Euthanasia non sukarela: ini terjadi ketika
individu tidak mampu untuk menyetujui karena faktor umur, ketidak mampuan fisik
dan mental. Sebagai contoh dari kasus ini adalah menghentikan bantuan makanan
dan minuman untuk pasien yang berada di dalam keadaan vegetatif (koma).</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Euthanasia tidak sukarela: ini terjadi ketika
pasien yang sedang sekarat dapat ditanyakan persetujuan, namun hal ini tidak
dilakukan. Kasus serupa dapat terjadi ketika permintaan untuk melanjutkan
perawatan ditolak.</div>
<ul style="color: blue;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Bantuan bunuh diri: ini sering diklasifikasikan sebagai salah
satu bentuk euthanasia. Hal ini terjadi ketika seorang individu diberikan
informasi dan wacana untuk membunuh dirinya sendiri. Pihak ketiga dapat
dilibatkan, namun tidak harus hadir dalam aksi bunuh diri tersebut. Jika
dokter terlibat dalam euthanasia tipe ini, biasanya disebut sebagai ‘bunuh
diri atas pertolongan dokter’. Di Amerika Serikat, kasus ini pernah
dilakukan oleh dr. Jack Kevorkian.</li>
</ul>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Euthanasia dapat menjadi aktif
atau pasif:</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Euthanasia aktif menjabarkan kasus ketika suatu
tindakan dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menimbulkan kematian. Contoh dari kasus
ini adalah memberikan suntik mati. Hal ini ilegal di Britania Raya dan Indonesia.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Euthanasia pasif menjabarkan kasus ketika
kematian diakibatkan oleh penghentian tindakan medis. Contoh dari kasus ini
adalah penghentian pemberian nutrisi, air, dan ventilator.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Ada kasus ketika meningkatkan dosis pengurang
rasa sakit, seperti pemberian Morfin, dapat memperpendek umur pasien. Namun
pemberian morfin tidak dimaksukan untuk menimbulkan kematian, sehingga
dipandang secara moral berbeda. Kasus ini juga dapat dilihat dari perspektif
falsafah ‘efek ganda’. Prinsip ini berasal dari filsafat moral Immanuel Kant,
yang juga dipopulerkan oleh Gereja Katholik. Falsafah ‘efek ganda’ menekankan
bahwa suatu efek tindakan tidak akan bisa diterima secara moral ketika ia
terjadi secara sengaja, namun tindakan itu akan diterima jika tidak disengaja.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<strong>Argumen Pro Euthanasia</strong></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kelompok pro euthanasia, yang
termasuk juga beberapa orang cacad, berkonsentrasi untuk mempopulerkan
euthanasia dan bantuan bunuh diri. Mereka menekankan bahwa pengambilan
keputusan untuk euthanasia adalah otonomi individu. Jika seseorang memiliki
penyakit yang tidak dapat disembuhkan atau berada dalam kesakitan yang tak
tertahankan, mereka harus diberikan kehormatan untuk memilih cara dan waktu
kematian mereka dengan bantuan yang diperlukan. Mereka mengklaim bahwa
perbaikan teknologi kedokteran merupakan cara untuk meningkatkan jumlah pasien
yang sekarat tetap hidup. Dalam beberapa kasus, perpanjangan umur ini melawan
kehendak mereka.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Mereka yang mengadvokasikan
euthanasia non sukarela, seperti Peter Singer, berargumentasi bahwa peradaban
manusia berada dalam periode ketika ide tradisional seperti kesucian hidup
telah dijungkir balikkan oleh praktek kedokteran baru yang dapat menjaga pasien
tetap hidup dengan bantuan instrumen. Dia berargumen bahwa dalam kasus
kerusakan otak permanen, ada kehilangan sifat kemanusian pada pasien tersebut,
seperti kesadaran, komunikasi, menikmati hidup, dan seterusnya. Mempertahankan
hidup pasien dianggap tidak berguna, karena kehidupan seperti ini adalah
kehidupan tanpa kualitas atau status moral.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Falsafah Utilitarian Singer
menekankan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan moral antara membunuh dan mengizinkan
kematian terjadi. Jika konsekuensinya adalah kematian, maka tidak menjadi
masalah jika itu dibantu dokter, bahkan lebih disukai jika kematian terjadi
dengan cepat dan bebas rasa sakit.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<strong>Oposisi terhadap
Euthanasia</strong></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Banyak argumen anti euthanasia
bermula dari proposisi, baik secara religius atau sekuler, bahwa setiap
kehidupan manusia memiliki nilai intrinsik dan mengambil hidup seseorang dalam
kondisi normal adalah suatu kesalahan. Advokator hak-hak orang cacad menekankan
bahwa jika euthanasia dilegalisasi, maka hal ini akan memaksa beberapa orang
cacad untuk menggunakannya karena ketiadaan dukungan sosial, kemiskinan,
kurangnya perawatan kesehatan, diskriminasi sosial, dan depresi. Orang cacad
sering lebih mudah dihasut dengan provokasi euthanasia, dan informed consent
akan menjadi formalitas belaka dalam kasus ini. Beberapa orang akan merasa
bahwa mereka adalah beban yang harus dihadapi dengan solusi yang jelas. Secara
umum, argumen anti euthanasia adalah kita harus mendukung orang untuk hidup,
bukan menciptakan struktur yang mengizinkan mereka untuk mati.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<b><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Kesimpulan</b></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
Membunuh bisa
dilakukan secara legal. Itulah euthanasia, pembuhuhan legal yang sampai kini
masih jadi kontroversi. Pembunuhan legal ini pun ada beragam jenisnya.</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
Secara umum,
kematian adalah suatu topik yang sangat ditakuti oleh publik. Hal demikian
tidak terjadi di dalam dunia kedokteran atau kesehatan. Dalam konteks kesehatan
modern, kematian tidaklah selalu menjadi sesuatu yang datang secara tiba-tiba.
Kematian dapat dilegalisir menjadi sesuatu yang definit dan dapat dipastikan
tanggal kejadiannya. Euthanasia memungkinkan hal tersebut terjadi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
<b><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Saran</b></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Diharapkan makalah ini dapat menjadi acuan dalam
memahami euthanasia dalam bidang kesehatan</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Semoga makalah ini dapat menjadi pengetahuan bagi
yang membacanya terutama perawat.</li>
</ol>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-68197490799280666332013-04-05T19:45:00.003-07:002013-04-05T19:45:47.579-07:00ASKEP Polip Serviks<div style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b>Latar Belakang</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Polyp = <a href="http://trikuangdalam.blogspot.com/">tumor jinak</a> yang tumbuh menonjol dan bertangkai dari selaput
lendir dibagian tubuh manusia, seperti hidung, telinga, usus dan selaput lendir
lainnya. Cervix = leher rahim. Polyp Cervix tinggal digabung aja pengertiannya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span> </span>Gejala utamanya adalah terjadinya
perdarahan diluar haid yang warnanya lebih terang dari darah haid. Terutama
timbul setelah melakukan senggama (perdarahan paska senggama=post coital
bleeding=PCB). Perlu dipertimbangkn juga adanya kanker leher rahim jika
ditemukan PCB.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Diagnosis biasanya tidak sulit. Dengan pemeriksaan spekulum polip leher
rahim dapat dengan mudah dideteksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span> </span>Untuk penatalaksanaannya, polip
hanya dipelintir sampai putus, kemudian tangkainya di kuret. Tindakan dilakukan
dalam pembiusan umum (general anasthesia). Selanjutnya jaringan polip dikirim
ke laboratorium patologi guna memastikan bahwa histologis-nya jinak/sesuai
dengan gambaran jaringan polip serviks. Kemungkinan ganasnya kecil...</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: -18pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b>Tujuan penulisan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
Tujuan Umum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
Tujuan umum adalah memberikan asuhan keperawatan pada
Pasien dengan Polip Serviks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
Tujuan Khusus</div>
<ul style="color: blue; margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Untuk mengetahui Definisi dan Etiologi Polip
Serviks</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Untuk mengetahui Patofisiologi Polip Serviks</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Untuk mengetahui Penegakan Polip Serviks</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Untuk mengetahui Asuhan Keperawatan pada pasien
Polip Serviks</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: -18pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: -18pt;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">TINJAUAN
TEORITIS</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: -18pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A. Konsep Dasar Penyakit</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b>1. Defenisi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Polyp = tumor
jinak yang tumbuh menonjol dan bertangkai dari selaput lendir dibagian tubuh
manusia, seperti hidung, telinga, usus dan selaput lendir lainnya. Cervix =
leher rahim. (http:// konsultasi-spesialis-obsgin.blogspot.com). Polip serviks
adalah polip berukuran kecil, tumbuh di permukaan mukosa serviks, atau pada
saluran endoserviks dan menonjol pada mulut serviks. (http://
www.kesrepro.info). Polip serviks sering mempunyai tungkai yang pendek, tetapi
beberapa dapat mempunyai dasar yang lebar. Penyebabnya belum jelas, meskipun
penampilannya menggambarkan respon epitel endo servik terhadap proses
peradangan. Polip servik dapat menimbulkan perdarahan pervaginam, perdarahan
kontak, pasca coitus atau setelah pencucian merupakan gejala yang tersering
dijumpai. Diagnosisnya dibuat dengan menginspeksi servik. Jika terdapat
perdarahan, harus dilakukan pemeriksaan untuk menyingkirkan kelainan, terutama
keganasan serviks dan endometrium. Bila polip mempunyai tangkai kurus,
tangkainya digenggam dengan forsep polip dan diputar beberapa kali sampai dasar
polipnya terlepas dari jaringan servik dasarnya. Bila terdapat perdarahan
pervaginam abnormal, maka diperlukan curettage di RS untuk menyingkirkan
keganasan servik dan endometrium. Polip servik yang terjadi sebagai akibat
stroma local yang menutupi daerah antara kedua celah pada kanalis servik.
Epitellium silinder yang menutupi polip dapat mengalami ulserasi. Banyak polip servik
tidak memberikan gejala-gejala utama adalah perdarahan intermitten. Diagnosis
dibuat dengan melakukan inspeksi pada servik </div>
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Sebuah <b>polip serviks</b> adalah umum <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhghc6y7n1jDrqkJhD_pkTwgXRiVag" title="Jinak">jinak</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp_%28medicine%29&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhWeXrIhufedKJhv-MpJD0HUVm6Lg" title="Polip (obat)">polip</a> atau <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumour&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhieHEtLDAossGx_WBSQmKkon5no2Q" title="Tumor">tumor</a> pada permukaan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_of_the_cervix&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhisIIPMWsSAtDpmPll-JuS4DscybQ" title="Kanal leher rahim">saluran leher rahim</a>
. Mereka tidak teratur dapat menyebabkan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhik6cSGOMWl-DWc_xdc12XpPagT6g" title="Haid">menstruasi</a> pendarahan tetapi
sering tidak menunjukkan gejala. Sekitar 1% dari polip serviks akan menunjukkan
<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplastic&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh64h1pwEKHfEuSReKPqwinWZWPZw" title="Neoplastik">neoplastik</a> perubahan yang
dapat menyebabkan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgZDhr8DCQEnB9kdfc6bqDBWckC4g" title="Kanker">kanker</a> .<span class="google-src-text">.</span> Mereka adalah yang paling umum di pos- <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhik6cSGOMWl-DWc_xdc12XpPagT6g" title="Haid">menstruasi</a> , pra- <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiXsqYX5j9lfQfFQJyRtDgX5q2LXw" title="Mati haid">menopause</a> wanita yang
telah hamil.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b>2. Gejala </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Banyak polip
serviks tidak memberikan gejala tetapi ada gejala utama adalah dasar diagnosa
perdarahan intermitten dan gejala-gejala umum ke-3 bentuk abnormal tersebut:</div>
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<span> </span>- Leukorea yang sulit disembuhkan. </div>
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<span> </span>-Terasa discomfort dalam vagina. </div>
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-
Kontak berdarah. <span> </span></div>
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- Terdapat
infeksi. </div>
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- Berdasarkan
keluhan yang dikemukakan. </div>
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- Didiagnosa
karena kebetulan memeriksakan diri </div>
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-<span> </span>Mudah Jaringan bertambah</div>
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- Pada
pemeriksaan inspekulum dijumpai:<span>
</span>Trdapat pada vagina bagian atas</div>
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</div>
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<b>3. Diagnosa </b></div>
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Diagnosa secara<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>î</span></span>berdarah<span> </span>mikroskopis </div>
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- Asal/patologi
: serviks </div>
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- Asal : -
servik - bertangkai </div>
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- Identitas : -
agak padat - tertutup epitel - Bernanah - Warna merah </div>
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</div>
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<b>4. Terapi </b></div>
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- Dilakukan
ekstervasi pada tangkainya</div>
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<span> </span>- Dilakukan curettage sehingga seluruhnya
dapat dikeluarkan</div>
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- Hasil
pemeriksaan menentukan terapi lebih lanjut </div>
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</div>
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Polyp = tumor jinak
yang tumbuh menonjol dan bertangkai dari selaput lendir dibagian tubuh manusia,
seperti hidung, telinga, usus dan selaput lendir lainnya. Cervix = leher rahim.
Polyp Cervix tinggal digabung aja pengertiannya</div>
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</div>
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Gejala utamanya adalah terjadinya perdarahan diluar haid yang warnanya lebih
terang dari darah haid. Terutama timbul setelah melakukan senggama (perdarahan
paska senggama=post coital bleeding=PCB). Perlu dipertimbangkn juga adanya
kanker leher rahim jika ditemukan PCB.</div>
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Diagnosis biasanya tidak sulit. Dengan pemeriksaan spekulum polip leher
rahim dapat dengan mudah dideteksi<br />
</div>
<br style="color: blue;" /><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span> </span>Untuk penatalaksanaannya,
polip hanya dipelintir sampai putus, kemudian tangkainya di kuret. Tindakan
dilakukan dalam pembiusan umum (general anasthesia). Selanjutnya jaringan polip
dikirim ke laboratorium patologi guna memastikan bahwa histologis-nya
jinak/sesuai dengan gambaran jaringan polip serviks. Kemungkinan ganasnya
keciL.</div>
<h2 style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. <span class="mw-headline">Penyebab</span> </span></h2>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Penyebab polip serviks tidak jelas, tetapi mereka sering
dikaitkan dengan peradangan leher rahim. Mereka juga mungkin terjadi sebagai
akibat dari tingkat dibangkitkan dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhiRr85aT-076zWZ5_jZIzkV83r9w" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> atau pembuluh
darah tersumbat serviks.</div>
<h2 style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Pengobatan</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h2>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">polip serviks
dapat dihapus menggunakan cincin <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forceps&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhB6UMtomMCG9SEhs2iGIcl0Fc1ng" title="Gunting tang">forsep</a> Mereka juga
dapat dihapus dengan mengikatkan tali bedah sekitar polip dan pemotongan itu
off. Dasar sisa polip maka dapat dihilangkan dengan menggunakan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhTA7cK10CRph4N_Fku6_dC2x4r0Q" title="Laser">laser</a> atau dengan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauterisation&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhVjq7xsSEn_sOlRGjhgpPJj-A8kQ" title="Cauterisation">cauterisation</a>. Jika
polip yang terinfeksi, sebuah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjLz1gTlhiPnd-SpD5h5s8eSq4okQ" title="Antibiotika">antibiotik</a> bisa
diberikan</span></div>
<h2 style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7. <span class="mw-headline">Prognosis</span> </span></h2>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
99% polip serviks akan tetap jinak dan 1% akan di beberapa
titik menunjukkan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplastic&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh64h1pwEKHfEuSReKPqwinWZWPZw" title="Neoplastik">neoplastik</a> berubah. polip
serviks tidak akan tumbuh kembali.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Faktor </span></span><span class="editsection"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">risiko</span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
dan epidemiologi</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h2>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
polip serviks paling sering pada wanita yang memiliki
anak-anak dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimenopausal&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjYsOya9n_C5i5CaHULw3WwBZ99rw" title="Perimenopause">perimenopause</a> wanita.
Mereka jarang terjadi di wanita pra-haid dan jarang di-wanita pasca menopause</div>
<h2 style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9. <span class="mw-headline">Struktur</span> </span></h2>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">polip serviks
seperti pertumbuhan jari, umumnya kurang dari 1 cm diameter. Mereka umumnya
berwarna merah cerah, dengan tekstur kenyal. Mereka dapat disertakan pada leher
rahim dengan sebuah tangkai (pedunculated ) dan kadang-kadang <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolapse&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjFv1jfwSWOgirXyT5ghmWL4X93aw" title="Kejatuhan">prolaps</a> ke dalam <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhbtCM02LUvif7KXmmnWYvJe50A2g" title="Vagina">vagina</a> di mana mereka bisa
salah untuk <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial_polyp&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiiRLvSLhLX9b8jvxxZB4FeC67q-A" title="Polip endometrium">polip endometrium</a>
atau <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submucosa&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiYTs37BT1-SHCCEGWj5ZhTnm_e_w" title="Submucosa">submukosa</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhFgTbcFzGA0cedegYMQ_qofffbgg" title="Fibroid">fibroid</a> . </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B. Asuhan Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b>1. Pengkajian<br />
</b>1. Identitas Klien<br />
2. Keluhan Utama<br />
• Nyeri<br />
• Luka<br />
• Perubahan fungsi seksual<br />
3. Riwayat Penyakit<br />
a. Sekarang<br />
Keluhan Klien menderita infeksi alat kelamin<br />
b. Dahulu<br />
Riwayat keluarga mempunyai penyakit serupa, gangguan reproduksi</div>
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<b>2. Pemeriksaan Fisik<br />
</b>1. Pemeriksaan Bagian Luar<br />
Inspeksi<br />
• Rambut pubis, distribusi, bandingkan sesuai usia perkembangan klien<br />
• Kulit dan area pubis, adakah lesi, eritema, visura, leokoplakia dan eksoria<br />
• Labia mayora, minora, klitoris, meatus uretra terhadap pemebengkakan ulkus,
keluaran dan nodul<br />
2. Pemeriksaan Bagian Dalam<br />
Inspeksi<br />
Serviks: ukuran, laserasi, erosi, nodula, massa,
keluaran dan warnanya<br />
Palpasi<br />
• Raba dinding vagina: Nyeri tekan dan nodula,<br />
• Serviks: posisi, ukuran, konsistensi, regularitas, mobilitas dan nyeri tekan<br />
• Uterus: ukuran, bentuk, konsistensi dan mobilitas<br />
• Ovarium: ukuran, mobilitas, bentuk, konsistensi dan nyeri tekan</div>
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<br />
<b>3. Diagnosa Keperawatan<br />
</b><i>1. Perubahan kenyamanan b/d infeksi
pada system reproduksi<br />
</i>Kriteria hasil:<br />
Memperhatikan bahwa nyeri ini ada mengidentifikasi aktivitas yang meningkatkan
dan menurunkan nyeri dapat mengidentifikasi dan menurunan sumber-sumber nyeri<br />
Intervensi:<br />
• Berikan pengurang rasa nyeri yang optimal<br />
• Meluruskan kesalahan konsep pada keluarga<br />
• Bicarakan mengenai ketakutan, marah dan rasa frustasi klien<br />
• Berikan privasi selama prosedur tindakan<br />
<br />
<i>2. Disfungsi seksual b/d perubahan
kesehatan seksual<br />
</i>Kriteria hasil:<br />
Menceritakan masalah mengenai fungsi seksual, mengekspresikan peningkatan
kepuasan dengan pola seksual. Melaporkan keinginan untuk melanjutkan aktivitas
seksual<br />
Intervensi:<br />
• Kaji riwayat seksual mengenai pola seksual, kepuasan, pengetahuan seksual,
masalah seksual<br />
• Identifikasi masalah penghambat untuk memuaskan seksual<br />
• Berikan dorongan bertanya tentang seksual atau fungsi seksual<br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">
<br />
<i>3. Resiko terhadap infeksi b/d kontak
dengan mikroorganisme<br />
</i>Kriteria hasil:<br />
Klien mampu memperlihatkan teknik cuci tangan yang benar, bebas dari proses
infeksi nasokomial selama perawatan dan memperlihatkan pengetahuan tentang
fakor resiko yang berkaitan dengan infeksi dan melakukan pencegahan yang tepat.<br />
Intervensi:<br />
• Teknik antiseptik untuk membersihan alat genetalia<br />
• Amati terhadap manefestasi kliniks infeksi<br />
• Infomasikan kepada klien dan keluarga mengenai penyebab, resiko-resiko pada
kekuatan penularan dari infeksi<br />
• Terafi antimikroba sesuai order dokter<br />
<br />
<i>4. Kurang pengetahuan b/d kurangnya
informasi mengenai penyakit, prognosis dan kebutuhan pengobatan</i><br />
Kriteria hasil:<br />
Menunjukan pemahaman akan proses penyakit dan prognosis, mampu menunjukan
prosedur yang diperlukan dan menjelaskan rasional dari tindakan dan pasien ikut
serta dalam program pengobatan<br />
Intervensi:<br />
• Tinjau proses penyakit dan harapan masa depan<br />
• Berikan informasi mengenai terafi obat-obatan, interaksi, efek samping dan
pentingnya pada program<br />
• Tinjau factor-faktor resiko individual dan bentuk penularan/tempat masuk
infeksi<br />
• Tinjau perlunya pribadi dan kebersihan lingkungan.</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%;">
</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b>Kesimpulan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Polyp = tumor jinak yang tumbuh menonjol dan bertangkai dari selaput
lendir dibagian tubuh manusia, seperti hidung, telinga, usus dan selaput lendir
lainnya. Cervix = leher rahim. Polyp Cervix tinggal digabung aja pengertiannya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span> </span>Gejala utamanya adalah terjadinya
perdarahan diluar haid yang warnanya lebih terang dari darah haid. Terutama
timbul setelah melakukan senggama (perdarahan paska senggama=post coital
bleeding=PCB). Perlu dipertimbangkn juga adanya kanker leher rahim jika
ditemukan PCB.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Diagnosis biasanya tidak sulit. Dengan pemeriksaan spekulum polip leher
rahim dapat dengan mudah dideteksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span> </span>Untuk penatalaksanaannya, polip
hanya dipelintir sampai putus, kemudian tangkainya di kuret. Tindakan dilakukan
dalam pembiusan umum (general anasthesia). Selanjutnya jaringan polip dikirim
ke laboratorium patologi guna memastikan bahwa histologis-nya jinak/sesuai
dengan gambaran jaringan polip serviks. Kemungkinan ganasnya kecil...</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b>Saran</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Semoga
makalah ini dapat menambah wawasan mahasiswa dalam praktek</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>semoga
makalah ini dapat menjadi literature dalam dalam pembelajaran</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>semoga
makalah ini dapat menjadi bahan bacaan yang dapat menambah ilmu pengetahuan</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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Bagian Obstetri dan Genekologi,
1981. Genekologi. Bandung:
fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung<br />
Bobak, 2005. Buku ajar Keperawatan Maternitas, Jakarta: EGC<br />
Doengoes, Marilyn. E. 2001. Rencana Keperawatan. Jakarta. EGC </div>
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http://www.frenszone.com/blogs.php?action=show_member_post&ownerID=39025&post_id=4358</div>
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http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en|id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_polyp</div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-45921032569988373132013-04-05T19:37:00.003-07:002013-04-05T19:37:45.343-07:00Makalah Sinusitis<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1 Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sebagian
besar <a href="http://trikuangdalam.blogspot.com/">infeksi virus</a> penyebab pilek seperti common cold dapat
menyebabkan suatu sumbatan pada hidung, yang akan hilang dalam beberapa
hari. Namun jika terjadi peradangan pada sinusnya dapat muncul gejala
lainnya seperti </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Infeksi sinus seperti yang kita ketahui kini lebih jarang dibandingkan era pra-antibiotik.. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinus atau sering pula disebut dengan</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">sinus paranasalis</span></span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">adalah
rongga udara yang terdapat pada bagian padat dari tulang tenggkorak di
sekitar wajah, yang berfungsi untuk memperingan tulang tenggkorak.
Rongga ini berjumlah empat pasang kiri dan kanan. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Rasa
sakit di bagian dahi, pipi, hidung atau daerang diantara mata terkadang
dibarengi dengan demam, sakit kepala, sakit gigi atau bahan kepekaan
indra penciuman kita merupaan salah satu gejala sinusitis. Terkadang
karena gejala yang kita rasakan tidak spesifik, kita salah mengartikan
gejala-gejala tersebut dengan penyakit lain sehingga membuat penyakit
sinusitis yang diderita berkembang tanpa diobati. Untuk lebih mengenal
lagi tetang sinusitis dan pengobatannya, berikut uraiannya.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Penulis
Makalah ini dilakukan untuk memenuhi tujuan-tujuan yang diharapkan dan
dapat bermanfaat bagi kalangan mahasiswa. Secara terperinci tujuan dari
pembuatan makalah ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">1.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> Diajukan untuk memenuhi tugas PPSM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">2.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> Mengetahui apa yang di maksud dengan Sinusitis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">1.3 Sistematika Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Pada
pembuatan makalah ini, penulis akan menjelaskan hasil penelitian
dimulai dari Bab Pendahuluan. Bab ini meliputi latar belakang masalah,
tujuan penelitia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> Pada Bab ke dua penulis akan memaparkan penjelasan tentang Sinusitis. Dan pada Bab empat sebagai kesimpulan dan saran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB 2 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DESKRIPSI UMUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1 Pengertian Sinusitis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> akhiran umum dalam kedokteran</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">itis</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">berarti</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">peradangan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">karena itu sinusitis adalah suatu peradangan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_paranasal" title="Sinus paranasal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">sinus paranasal</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis
adalah penyakit yang terjadi di daerah sinus. Sinus itu sendiri adalah
rogga udara yang terdapat di area wajah yang terhubung dengan hidung.
Fungsi dari rongga sinus sendiri adalah untuk menjaga kelembapan hidung
dan menjaga pertukaran udara di daeranh hidung. Rongga sinus sendiri
terdiri dari 4 jenis yaitu :</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">- Sinus Frontal, terletak di atas meja dibagian tengah dari masing-masing alis</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">- Sinus Maxillary, terletak diantara tulang pipi, tepat di sampig hisung</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">- Sinus Ethmooid, terletak di antara mata, tepat dibelakang tulang hidung</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">- Sinus Sphenoid, terletak dibelakang sinus ethmoid dan di belakang mata</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Didalam
rongga sinus terdapat lapisan yang terdiri dari bulu-bulu halus yang
disebut dengan cilia. Fungsi cilia ini adalah untuk mendorong lender
yang diproduksi didalam sinus menuju kesaluran parnafasan. Gerakan cilia
mendorong lender ini berguna untuk membersihkan saluran nafas dari
kkotoran ataupun organism yang mungkin ada. Ketika lapisan rongga sinus
yang menyebabkan lender terperangkap di rongga sinus dan menjadi tempat
tumbuhnya bakteri.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Jadi
sinusitis terjadi apabila terjadi peradangan didaerah lapisan rongga
sinus yang menyebabkan lender erperangkap dirongga sinus dan menadi
tempat tumbuhya bekteri.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitas sendiri dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitas Akut : gejala dirasakan selama 2-8 minggu</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitas Kronis : biasanya gejala dirasakan lebih dari 8 minggu.</span></div>
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<b>2.2 Penyebab Sinusitis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis
akut dapat disebabkan oleh kerusakan lapisan rongga sinus akibat
infeksi atau tindakan bedah. Sedangkan sinusitis subakut biasanya
disebakan oleh infeksi atau tidakan bedah. Sedangkan sinusitis kronis
biasanya di sebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis dapat terjadi akibat dari beberapa faktordibawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Bulu-bulu halus didalam rongga sinus (cilia) tidak bekerja secara maksimal akibat kondisi medis tertentu<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 14.4pt 0cm 14.4pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Flu dan alergi menyebabkan lender diproduksi secara berlebihan atau menutupi rogga sinus <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 14.4pt 0cm 14.4pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Adanya kelainan pada sekat rongga hidun, kelainan tulang ataupun polip pada hidung dapat menutupi rongga sinus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Selain
hal tersebut di atas, apapun yang dapat menyebabkan bengkak mendorong
lendir dapat menyebabkan sinusitas. Hal ini biasanya disebabkan oleh
perubahan pada suhu dan tekanan udara. Alergi, penggunaan penyemprot
hidung secara berlebihan, merokok, berenang, atau menyelam dapat
meningkatkan resiko terkena sinusitis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis bisa terjadi pada salah satu dari keempat sinus yang ada (</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">maksilaris</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">,</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">etmoidalis</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">frontalis</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> atau </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">sfenoidalis</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> Sinusitis maksilaris menyebabkan nyeri pipi tepat di bawah mata, sakit gigi dan sakit kepala.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> Sinusitis frontalis menyebabkan sakit kepala di dahi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">
Sinusitis etmoidalis menyebabkan nyeri di belakang dan diantara mata
serta sakit kepala di dahi. Peradangan sinus etmoidalis juga bisa
menyebabkan nyeri bila pinggiran hidung di tekan, berkurangnya indera
penciuman dan hidung tersumbat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">
Sinusitis sfenoidalis menyebabkan nyeri yang lokasinya tidak dapat
dipastikan dan bisa dirasakan di puncak kepala bagian depan ataupun
belakang, atau kadang menyebabkan sakit telinga dan sakit leher.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong>2.3 Tipe Sinusitis</strong></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis
dapat dibagi menjadi dua tipe besar yaitu berdasarkan lamanya penyakit
(akut, subakut, khronis) dan berdasarkan jenis peradangan yang terjadi
(infeksi dan non infeksi). Disebut sinusitis akut bila lamanya penyakit
kurang dari 30 hari. Sinusitis subakut bila lamanya penyakit antara 1
bulan sampai 3 bulan, sedangkan sinusitis khronis bila penyakit diderita
lebih dari 3 bulan. Sinusitis infeksi biasanya disebabkan oleh virus
walau pada beberapa kasus ada pula yang disebabkan oleh bakteri.
Sedangkan sinusitis non infeksi sebagian besar disebabkan oleh karena
alergi dan iritasi bahan bahan kimia. Sinusitis subakut dan khronis
sering merupakan lanjutan dari sinusitis akut yang tidak mendapatkan
pengobatan adekuat.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">SINUSITIS AKUT</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">A. Gejala Subyektif</span></u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
Biasanya didahului oleh infeksi saluran pernafasan atas (terutama pada
anak kecil), berupa pilek dan batuk yang lama, lebih dari 7 hari.<br />
Gejala subyektif terbagi atas gejala sistemik yaitu demam dan rasa lesu,
serta gejala lokal yaitu hidung tersumbat, ingus kental yang kadang
berbau dan mengalir ke nasofaring </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">(post nasal drip)</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">,
halitosis, sakit kepala yang lebih berat pada pagi hari, nyeri di
daerah sinus yang terkena, serta kadang nyeri alih ke tempat lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
1. Sinusitis Maksilaris <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinus
maksila disebut juga Antrum Highmore, merupakan sinus yang sering
terinfeksi oleh karena merupakan sinus paranasal yang terbesar, dasar
sinus maksila adalah dasar akar gigi (prosesus alveolaris), sehingga
infeksi gigi dapat menyebabkan sinusitis maksila.<br />
Pada peradangan aktif sinus maksila atau frontal, nyeri biasanya sesuai
dengan daerah yang terkena. Pada sinusitis maksila nyeri terasa di bawah
kelopak mata dan kadang menyebar ke alveolus (</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">rongga atau ceruk kecil, spt rongga dl rahang tempat akar gigi tertanam)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> hingga terasa di gigi. Nyeri alih dirasakan di dahi dan depan telinga.<br />
Wajah terasa bengkak, penuh dan gigi nyeri pada gerakan kepala mendadak,
misalnya sewaktu naik atau turun tangga. Seringkali terdapat nyeri pipi
khas yang tumpul dan menusuk. Sekret mukopurulen dapat keluar dari
hidung dan terkadang berbau busuk. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">2. Sinusitis Ethmoidalis<br />
Sinusitus ethmoidalis akut terisolasi lebih lazim pada anak. Gejala
berupa nyeri yang dirasakan di pangkal hidung dan kantus medius,
kadang-kadang nyeri dibola mata atau belakangnya, terutama bila mata
digerakkan. Nyeri alih di pelipis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">3. Sinusitis Frontalis<br />
Gejala subyektif terdapat nyeri kepala yang khas, nyeri berlokasi di
atas alis mata, biasanya pada pagi hari dan memburuk menjelang tengah
hari, kemudian perlahan-lahan mereda hingga menjelang malam.<br />
Pasien biasanya menyatakan bahwa dahi terasa nyeri bila disentuh dan mungkin terdapat pembengkakan supra orbita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">4. Sinusitis Sfenoidalis<br />
Pada sinusitis sfenodalis rasa nyeri terlokalisasi di vertex, oksipital, di belakang bola mata dan di daerah mastoid. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
SINUSITIS SUBAKUT<br />
Gejala klinisnya sama dengan sinusitis akut hanya tanda-tanda radang
akutnya (demam, sakit kepala hebat, nyeri tekan) sudah reda.<br />
Pada pemeriksaan transiluminasi tampak sinus yang sakit, suram atau gelap.<br />
Terapinya mula-mula diberikan medikamentosa (obat-obatan atau perawatan
penyakit), bila perlu dibantu dengan tindakan, yaitu diatermi atau
pencucian sinus.</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
SINUSITIS KRONIS<br />
Sinusitis kronis berbeda dengan sinusitis akut dalam berbagai aspek,
umumnya sukar disembuhkan dengan pengobatan medikamentosa saja. Harus
dicari faktor penyebab dan faktor predisposisinya (keadaan mudah
terjangkit oleh pnyakit).<br />
Polusi bahan kimia menyebabkan silia rusak, sehingga terjadi perubahan
mukosa hidung. Perubahan tersebut juga dapat disebabkan oleh alergi,
sehingga mempermudah terjadinya infeksi, dan infeksi menjadi kronis
apabila pengobatan sinusitis akut tidak sempurna.<br />
A. </span> <u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Gejala Subjektif</span></u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
Bervariasi dari ringan sampai berat, terdiri dari :<br />
- Gejala hidung hidung biasanya sedikit tersumbat.<br />
- Gejala laring dan faring yaitu rasa tidak nyaman dan gatal di tenggorokan.<br />
- Gejala telinga berupa pendengaran terganggu
-
Ada nyeri atau sakit kepala.<br />
- Gejala mata, karena penjalaran infeksi melalui duktus nasolakrimalis.<br />
- Gejala saluran nafas berupa batuk dan komplikasi di paru berupa bronkhitis atau bronkhiektasis atau asma bronkhial.</span><br /> <br /> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<strong>2.4 Gejala Sinusitis</strong></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Gejala
sinusitis yang paling umum adalah sakit kepala, nyeri pada daerah
wajah, serta demam. Hampir 25% dari pasien sinusitis akan mengalami
demam yang berhubungan dengan sinusitis yang diderita. Gejala lainnya
berupa wajah pucat, perubahan warna pada ingus, hidung tersumbat, nyeri
menelan, dan batuk. Beberapa pasien akan merasakan sakit kepala
bertambah hebat bila kepala ditundukan ke depan. Pada sinusitis karena
alergi maka penderita juga akan mengalami gejala lain yang berhubungan
dengan alerginya seperti gatal pada mata, dan bersin bersin.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Gejala lain yang ditimbulkan dari sinusitis adalah :</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Rasa sakit atau adanya tekanan didaerah dahi, pipi, hidung dan diantara mata</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sakit kepala</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Demam</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Hidung mampet</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Berkurangnya indra penciuman</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Batuk, biasanya akan memburuk saat malam</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Nafas berbau (halitosis)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sakit gigi</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Gejala sinusitis pada anak-anak meliputi :</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Timbul flu atau penyakit pernafasan yang mekin memburuk</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Demam tinggi disertai dengan adanya lendir perafasan yang berwarna gelap</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Adanya pernafasan dengan atau tanpa adanya flu lebih dari 10 hari dan tidak membaik</span></div>
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<strong>2.5 Diagnosa Sinusitis</strong></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis
sebagian besar sudah dapat didiagnosa hanya berdasarkan pada riwayat
keluhan pasien serta pemeriksaan fisik yang dilakukan dokter. Pada
pemeriksaan fisik akan ditemukan adanya kemerahan dan pembengkakan pada
rongga hidung, ingus yang mirip nanah, serta pembengkakan disekitar mata
dan dahi. Untuk penetapan diagnose sinusitis, dokter biasanya akan
melakukan pemeriksaan berikut :</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> - mencari adanya polip dihidung</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> - menyinari rongga sinus dengan cahaya (transiluminasi) utuk melihat adanya </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">gv</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> perdagangan</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">- mengetuk rongga sinus utuk melihat adanya infeksi</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> - melihat kedalam rongga sinus melalui pemeriksaan fiberoptik (disebut juga </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">m</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> dengan endoscopy). Hali ini biasanya dilakukan oleh dokter spesialis THT.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Jika anak menderita sinusitis kronis atau yang berulang (sering kambuh) maka tes-tes berikut perlu juga dilakukan :</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Tes alergi</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Tes HIV atau es untuk melihat rendahnya fungsi imun</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Tes untuk melihat fungsi cilia</span></div>
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<strong>2.6 Pengobatan Sinusitis</strong></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Untuk
sinusitis yang disebabkan oleh karena virus maka tidak diperlukan
pemberian antibiotika. Obat yang biasa diberikan untuk sinusitis virus
adalah penghilang rasa nyeri seperti parasetamol dan dekongestan. Curiga
telah terjadi sinusitis infeksi oleh bakteri bila terdapat gejala nyeri
pada wajah, ingus yang bernanah, dan gejala yang timbul lebih dari
seminggu. Sinusitis infeksi bakteri umumnya diobati dengan menggunakan
antibiotika. Pemilihan antibiotika berdasarkan jenis bakteri yang paling
sering menyerang sinus karena untuk mendapatkan antibiotika yang benar
benar pas harus menunggu hasil dari biakan kuman yang memakan waktu
lama. Lima jenis bakteri yang paling sering menginfeksi sinus adalah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span></em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Haemophilus influenzae</span></em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Moraxella catarrhalis</span></em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, dan</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Streptococcus pyogenes</span></em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">.
Antibiotika yang dipilih harus dapat membunuh kelima jenis kuman ini.
Beberapa pilihan antiobiotika antara lain amoxicillin, cefaclor,
azithromycin, dan cotrimoxazole. Jika tidak terdapat perbaikan dalam
lima hari maka perlu dipertimbangkan untuk memberikan amoxicillin plus
asam klavulanat. Pemberian antibiotika dianjurkan minimal 10 sampai 14
hari. Pemberian dekongestan dan mukolitik dapat membantu untuk
melancarkan drainase cairan mukus. Pada kasus kasus yang khronis, dapat
dipertimbangkan melakukan drainase cairan mukus dengan cara pembedahan.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Pengobatan lain yang bisa dilakukan :</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Suntikan alergi</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Menghindari mencetus alergi</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Semprotan
hidung yang mengandung kortikosteroid untukmembantu mengurangi bengkak
di rongga sinus, terutama karena adanya olip ataupun alergi</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Antibiotik dapat diberikan apabila terjadi hal-hal berikut ini :</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Anak dengan kondisi pilek biasaya disertai dengan batuk yang tidak kunjung membaik setelah 2-3 minggu</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Demam dengan suhu tubuh lebih dari 39</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">0</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> C</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> Adanya bengkak yang parah di area sekitar mata</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sakit kelapa atau sakit di daerah wajah</span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">2.7 Cara Mencegah Sinusitis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Yang
paling mudah, jangan sampai terkena infeksi saluran nafas. Rajin-rajin
cuci tangan karena tindakan sederhana ini terbukti efektif dalam
mengurangi risiko tertular penyakit saluran pernafasan. Selain itu,
sedapat mungkin menghindari kontak erat dengan mereka yang sedang
terkena batuk pilek.<br />
Bila anda memakai AC, sering-seringlah membersihkan penyaringnya agar
debu, jamur dan berbagai substansi yang mungkin dapat mencetuskan alergi
dapat dikurangi (walau tak mungkin dihilangkan seluruhnya). Demikian
juga dengan karpet dan sofa.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Tingkatkan
daya tahan tubuh dengan cukup istirahat dan konsumsi makanan dan
minuman yang memiliki nilai nutrisi baik. Selain itu, jangan lupa untuk
minum air dalam jumlah yang cukup. Kegiatan minum ini seringkali
dilupakan orang padahal air yang sehat merupakan salah satu sumber utama
kesehatan tubuh kita.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Berolahraga
yang teratur, khususnya setelah waktu subuh di mana udara pagi saat itu
masih jernih dan bersih. Perbanyak menghirup udara bersih, dengan cara
menghirup dan mengeluarkannya perlahan-lahan. Hal ini sangat bermanfaat
selain untuk menguatkan paru-paru juga untuk mengisi daerah sinus dengan
oksigen. Sehingga daerah-daerah sinus menjadi lebih bersih dan kebal
terhadap berbagai infeksi dan bakteri.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Dan
yang tidak kalah pentingnya adalah segera kunjungi dokter bila terdapat
gejala-gejala yang mungkin merupakan gejala sinusitis. Diagnosa dan
pengobatan secara dini dan tepat akan mempercepat kesembuhan penyakit
yang diderita.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis
adalah penyakit yang terjadi di daerah sinus. Sinus itu sendiri adalah
rogga udara yang terdapat di area wajah yang terhubung dengan hidung.
Fungsi dari rongga sinus sendiri adalah untuk menjaga kelembapan hidung
dan menjaga pertukaran udara di daeranh hidung. Rongga sinus sendiri
terdiri dari 4 jenis yaitu :</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">- Sinus Frontal, terletak di atas meja dibagian tengah dari masing-masing alis</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">- Sinus Maxillary, terletak diantara tulang pipi, tepat di sampig hisung</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">- Sinus Ethmooid, terletak di antara mata, tepat dibelakang tulang hidung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">- Sinus Sphenoid, terletak dibelakang sinus ethmoid dan di belakang mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 14.4pt 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis
akut dapat disebabkan oleh kerusakan lapisan rongga sinus akibat
infeksi atau tindakan bedah. Sedangkan sinusitis subakut biasanya
disebakan oleh infeksi atau tidakan bedah. Sedangkan sinusitis kronis
biasanya di sebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sinusitis
dapat dibagi menjadi dua tipe besar yaitu berdasarkan lamanya penyakit
(akut, subakut, khronis) dan berdasarkan jenis peradangan yang terjadi
(infeksi dan non infeksi). Disebut sinusitis akut bila lamanya penyakit
kurang dari 30 hari. Sinusitis subakut bila lamanya penyakit antara 1
bulan sampai 3 bulan, sedangkan sinusitis khronis bila penyakit diderita
lebih dari 3 bulan. Sinusitis subakut dan khronis sering merupakan
lanjutan dari sinusitis akut yang tidak mendapatkan pengobatan adekuat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Gejala lain yang ditimbulkan dari sinusitis adalah :</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm 8.4pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Rasa sakit atau adanya tekanan didaerah dahi, pipi, hidung dan diantara mata</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm 8.4pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sakit kepala</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm 8.4pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Demam</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm 8.4pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Hidung mampet</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm 8.4pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Berkurangnya indra penciuman</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm 8.4pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Batuk, biasanya akan memburuk saat malam</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm 8.4pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Nafas berbau (halitosis)</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm 8.4pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Sakit gigi</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Berolahraga
yang teratur, khususnya setelah waktu subuh di mana udara pagi saat itu
masih jernih dan bersih. Perbanyak menghirup udara bersih, dengan cara
menghirup dan mengeluarkannya perlahan-lahan. Hal ini sangat bermanfaat
selain untuk menguatkan paru-paru juga untuk mengisi daerah sinus dengan
oksigen. Sehingga daerah-daerah sinus menjadi lebih bersih dan kebal
terhadap berbagai infeksi dan bakteri.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.2 Saran<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Dalam
Makalah ini terdapat penjelasan tentang Sinusitis, supaya semua
mahasiswi dapat memahami Sinusitis dan mengetahui bagaimana Sinusitis
bagi manusia, baik ciri-ciri, cara pengobatan, klasifikasi, maupun cara
pencegahannya.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 8.4pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Damayanti dan Endang, Sinus Paranasal, dalam : Efiaty, Nurbaiti, editor. </span><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Buku Ajar Ilmu Kedokteran THT Kepala dan Leher, ed. 5</span></u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, Balai Penerbit FK UI, Jakarta 2002, 115 – 119. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Endang Mangunkusumo, Nusjirwan Rifki, Sinusitis, dalam Eviati, nurbaiti, editor, </span><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Buku Ajar Ilmu Kesehatan Telinga Hidung Tenggorok Kepala dan Leher</span></u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">, Balai Penerbit FK UI, Jakarta, 2002, 121 – 125.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Peter
A. Hilger, MD, Penyakit Sinus Paranasalis, dalam : Haryono,
Kuswidayanti, editor, BOIES, buku ajar Penyakit THT, penerbit buku
kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, 1997, 241 – 258.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Ballenger.
J. J., infeksi Sinus Paranasal, dalam : Penyakit Telinga, Hidung dan
Tenggorok Kepala dan Leher, ed 13 (1), Binaputra Aksara, jakarta, 1994,
232 – 241.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Cody.
R et all, Sinusitis,dalam Andrianto P, editor, Penyakit telinga Hidung
dan Tenggorokan, Penerbit buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, 1993, 229 – 241.</span><br /> </span></div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-75773948050664017052013-04-05T19:34:00.002-07:002013-04-05T19:34:11.103-07:00Retardasi Mental<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span>Latarbelakang Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span><span> </span>Banyak orangtua yang m<span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>nganggap bahwa<span style="font-weight: bold;"> a</span>nak-anak
yang memiliki kebutuhan khusus merupakan suatu aib yang sngat besar dan
memalukan bagi keluarga. Dan tidak jarang mereka membuang atau
menggugurkan janin yang ada di rahim mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span><span> </span>Salah
satu dari anak yang memiliki kebutuhan khusus itu adalah anak yang
memiliki IQ di bawah 70, dan pada umumnya orangtua akan menganggap anak
meeka bodoh. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span><span> </span>Anak-anak
yang memiliki IQ di bawah 70 ini jarang sekali dapat mengurus dirinya
sendiri dan berinteraksi dengan lingkungan sosialnya. Untuk itu peran
orangtua sangat di butuhkan namun jarang sekali orangtua sadar dan
mengerti akan kebutuhan anaknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span><span>1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span>Definisi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Keterbelakangan Mental </span><span lang="EN-GB">atau lazim disebut <span>Retardasi Mental</span> (<i>RM</i>) adalah suatu keadaan dimana keadaan dengan <span>Intelegensia</span> yang kurang (<i>subnormal</i>) sejak masa perkembangan (<i>sejak lahir atau sejak masa anak-anak</i>).
Biasanya terdapat perkembangan mental yang kurang secara keseluruhan,
tetapi gejala utama ialah Intelegensi yang terbelakang. Retardasi Mental
disebut juga <span>Oligofrenia</span> (<i>oligo = kurang atau sedikit dan fren = jiwa</i>)
atau Tuna Mental. Keadaan tersebut ditandai dengan fungsi kecerdasan
umum yang berada dibawah rata-rata dan disertai dengan berkurangnya
kemampuan untuk menyesuaikan diri atau berprilaku adaptif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Retardasi Mental</span><span lang="EN-GB"> sebenarnya bukan suatu penyakit walaupun retardasi mental merupakan hasil dari proses <span>Patologik</span> di dalam otak yang memberikan gambaran keterbatasan terhadap <span>Intelektualitas</span> dan fungsi <span>Adaptif</span>. Retardasi Mental ini dapat terjadi dengan atau tanpa gangguan jiwa maupun gangguan fisik lainnya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span><span> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Pada kenyataannya <span>IQ </span>(I<i>ntelligence Quotient</i>)
bukanlah merupakan satu-satunya patokan yang dapat dipakai untuk
menentukan berat ringannya Retardasi Mental. Melainkan harus dinilai
berdasarkan sejumlah besar keterampilan spesifik yang berbeda. Penilaian
tingkat kecerdasan harus berdasarkan semua informasi yang tersedia,
termasuk temuan Klinis, <span>Prilaku Adaptif</span> dan hasil <span>Tes Psikometrik</span>.
Untuk diagnosis, yang pasti harus ada penurunan tingkat kecerdasan yang
mengakibatkan berkurangnya kemampuan adaptasi terhadap tuntutan dari
lingkungan sosial biasa sehari-hari. Pada pemeriksaan fisik pasien
dengan Retardasi Mental dapat ditemukan berbagai macam perubahan bentuk
fisik, misalnya perubahan bentuk kepala:<span> Mikrosefali</span>, <span>Hidrosefali</span>, dan <span>Sindrom Down</span>. Wajah pasien dengan Retardasi Mental sangat mudah dikenali seperti <span>Hipertelorisme</span>,
lidah yang menjulur keluar, gangguan pertumbuhan gigi dan ekspresi
wajah tampak tumpul. Sebagai kriteria dan bahan pertimbangan dapat
dipakai juga kemampuan untuk dididik atau dilatih dan kemampuan sosial
atau kerja. Tingkatannya mulai dari taraf yang Ringan, Taraf Sedang,
Taraf Berat, dan Taraf Sangat Berat. . Retardasi mental mengenai 1,5
kali lebih banyak pada laki-laki dibandingkan dengan perempuan</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><br /><br /> <!--[endif]--><span class="fullpost"><b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB">Retardasi Mental Ringan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">IQ
sekitar 50-55 sampai 70. Sekitar 85 % dari orang yang terkena Retardasi
Mental. Pada umumnya anak-anak dengan Retardasi Mental Ringan ini tidak
dapat dikenali sampai anak tersebut menginjak tingkat pertama atau
kedua disekolah.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><br /><br /><span class="fullpost"><b><i>Retardasi Mental Sedang<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">IQ sekitar 35-40 sampai 50-55<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><span class="fullpost"><b><i>Retardasi Mental Berat</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">IQ sekitar 20-25 sampai 35-40.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><span class="fullpost"><b><i>Retardasi Mental Sangat Berat<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">IQ dibawah 20 atau 25.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span>1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Penyebab<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Beberapa Penyebab Retardasi Mental yaitu <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><span class="fullpost"><b>Akibat Infeksi dan/atau Intoksikasi.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Dalam
Kelompok ini termasuk keadaan Retardasi Mental karena kerusakan
jaringan otak akibat infeksi Intrakranial, cedera Hipoksia (kekurangan
oksigen), cedera pada bagian kepala yang cukup berat, Infeksi
sitomegalovirus bawaan, Ensefalitis, Toksoplasmosis kongenitalis,
Listeriosis, Infeksi HIV, karena serum, obat atau zat toksik lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /> <span class="fullpost"><b>Akibat Rudapaksa dan atau Sebab Fisik Lain.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Rudapaksa
sebelum lahir serta juga trauma lain, seperti sinar x, bahan
kontrasepsi dan usaha melakukan abortus dapat mengakibatkan kelainan
Retardasi Mental, Pemakaian alkohol, kokain, amfetamin dan obat lainnya
pada ibu hamil, Keracunan metilmerkuri, Keracunan timah hitam juga dapat
mengakibatkan Retardasi Mental.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><br /><br /> <span class="fullpost"><b>Akibat Gangguan Metabolisme, Pertumbuhan atau Gizi.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Semua
Retardasi Mental yang langsung disebabkan oleh gangguan Metabolisme
(misalnya gangguan metabolime lemak, karbohidrat dan protein), Sindroma
Reye, Dehidrasi hipernatremik, Hipotiroid kongenital, Hipoglikemia
(diabetes melitus yang tidak terkontrol dengan baik), pertumbuhan atau
gizi termasuk dalam kelompok ini hal-hal seperti Kwashiorkor, Marasmus,
Malnutrisi dapat mengakibatkan Retardasi Mental.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /> <span class="fullpost"><b>Akibat Kelainan pada Kromosom<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Kelainan
ini bisa diartikan dengan kesalahan pada jumlah Kromosom (Sindroma
Down), defek pada Kromosom (sindroma X yang rapuh, sindroma Angelman,
sindroma Prader-Willi), dan Translokasi Kromosom.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /> <span class="fullpost"><b>Akibat Kelainan Genetik dan Kelainan Metabolik Yang Diturunkan.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Seperti
Galaktosemia, Penyakit Tay-Sachs, Fenilketonuria, Sindroma Hunter,
Sindroma Hurler, Sindroma Sanfilippo, Leukodistrofi metakromatik,
Adrenoleukodistrofi, Sindroma Lesch-Nyhan, Sindroma Rett, Sklerosis
tuberose</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><br /><br /> <span class="fullpost"><b>Akibat Penyakit Otak Yang Nyata (Postnatal).<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Dalam
kelompok ini termasuk Retardasi Mental akibat Neoplasma (tidak termasuk
pertumbuhan sekunder karena rudapaksa atau peradangan) dan beberapa
reaksi sel-sel otak yang nyata, tetapi yang belum diketahui betul
etiologinya (diduga herediter). Reaksi sel-sel otak ini dapat bersifat
degeneratif, infiltratif, radang, proliferatif, sklerotik atau
reparatif.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /> <span class="fullpost"><b>Akibat Penyakit/Pengaruh Pranatal Yang Tidak Jelas.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Keadaan
ini diketahui sudah ada sejak sebelum lahir, tetapi tidak diketahui
etiologinya, termasuk Anomali Kranial Primer dan Defek Kogenital yang
tidak diketahui sebabnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /> <span class="fullpost"><b>Akibat Prematuritas dan Kehamilan Wanita diatas 40 tahun.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Kelompok
ini termasuk Retardasi Mental yang berhubungan dengan keadaan bayi pada
waktu lahir berat badannya kurang dari 2500 gram dan/atau dengan masa
hamil kurang dari 38 minggu. Serta behubungan pula dengan kehamilan anak
pertama pada wanita Adolesen dan diatas 40 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Akibat Gangguan Jiwa Berat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Untuk membuat diagnosa ini harus jelas telah terjadi gangguan jiwa yang berat itu, dan tidak terdapat tanda-tanda patologi otak.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /> <span class="fullpost"><b>Akibat Deprivasi Psikososial dan Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Retardasi
Mental dapat disebabkan oleh fakor-faktor Biomedik maupun Sosiobudaya
seperti Kemiskinan, Status ekonomi rendah, Sindroma deprivasi. Contohnya
Gangguan gizi yang tergolong berat dan berlangsung lama dibawah dan
sebelum umur 4 tahun sangat memepengaruhi perkembangan otak dan dapat
mengakibatkan Retardasi Mental. Namun keadaan gangguan Gizi ini dapat
diperbaiki dengan memperbaiki gizi sebelum usia menginjak umur 6 tahun,
namun tetap saja intelegensi yang rendah itu sudah sukar ditingkatkan
walaupun anak itu dibanjiri dengan makanan bergizi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span>1.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Pencegahan Dan Pengobatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Untuk
mendiagnosa Retardasi Mental pada seseorang dengan tepat, perlu diambil
Anamnesa dari orang tua dengan sangat teliti mengenai kehamilan,
persalinan dan perkembangan anak. Bila mungkin dilakukan juga
pemeriksaan Psikologik, bila perlu diperiksa juga di laboratorium,
diadakan evaluasi pendengaran dan bicara. Observasi Psikiatrik
dikerjakan untuk mengetahui adanya gangguan Psikiatrik disamping
Retardasi Mental itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Pencegahan
Primer pada orang dengan Retardasi Mental dapat dilakukan dengan
pendidikan kesehatan pada masyarakat, perbaikan keadaan Sosio-Ekonomi,
Konseling Genetik dan Tindakan Kedokteran (seperti perawatan Prenatal
yang baik, pertolongan persalinan yang baik, kehamilan pada wanita
Adolesen dan diatas 40 tahun dikurangi dan pencegahan peradangan otak
pada anak-anak).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Pencegahan
Sekunder meliputi diagnosa dan pengobatan dini peradangan otak,
Perdarahan Subdural, Kraniostenosis (sutura tengkorak menutup terlalu
cepat, dapat dibuka dengan Kraniotomi; pada Mikrosefali yang Kogenital,
operasi tidak menolong)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Pencegahan
Tersier merupakan pendidikan penderita atau latihan khusus sebaiknya
disekolah luar biasa. Dapat diberi Neuroleptika kepada yang gelisah,
Hiperaktif atau Dektruktif<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">.Konseling
kepada orang tua dilakukan secara Fleksibel dan Pragmatis dengan tujuan
antara lain membantu mereka dalam mengatasi Frustrasi oleh karena
mempunyai anak dengan Retardasi Mental. Orang tua sering menghendaki
anak diberi obat, oleh karena itu dapat diberi penerangan bahwa sampai
sekarang belum ada obat yang dapat membuat anak menjadi pandai, hanya
ada obat yang dapat membantu pertukaran Zat (Metabolisme) sel-sel otak.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Kasus:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB">Aldi
berusia 6 tahun dia mengalami reterdasi mental di karenakan sewaktu
ibunya mengandung, ibunya sering mengkonsumsi minuman beralkohol dan
merokok, sehingga ketika ia lahir ia cacat. Ia sering sekali tidak bias
menangkap pelajaran yang di sampaikan oleh gurunya di sekolah, tidak
bisa bersosialisasi dengan temannya di lingkungan maupun di sekolahnya.
Dia tidak mampu ntuk melakukan perkerjaan yang berat, segala sesuatunya
ia harus di Bantu oleh orang-orang terdekatnya. Baik itu mandi, BAB
maupun menggunakan pakaian.</span></span><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="color: blue; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-GB"><span>1.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Diagnosis<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Untuk
mendiagnosa retardasi mental dengan tepat, perlu diambil anamnesa dari
orang tua dengan teliti mengenai kehamilan, persalinan dan perkembangan
anak. Bila mungkin dilakukan juga pemeriksaan psikologik, bila perlu
diperiksa juga di laboratorium, diadakan evaluasi pendengaran dan
bicara. Observasi psikiatrik dikerjakan untuk mengetahui adanya gangguan
psikiatrik disamping retardasi mental.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Tingkat
kecerdasan intelegensia bukan satu-satunya karakteristik, melainkan
harus dinilai berdasarkan sejumlah besar keterampilan spesifik yang
berbeda. Penilaian tingkat kecerdasan harus berdasarkan semua informasi
yang tersedia, termasuk temuan klinis, prilaku adaptif dan hasil tes
psikometrik. Untuk diagnosis yang pasti harus ada penurunan tingkat
kecerdasan yang mengakibatkan berkurangnya kemampuan adaptasi terhadap
tuntutan dari lingkungan sosial biasa sehari-hari. Pada pemeriksaan
fisik pasien dengan retardasi mental dapat ditemukan berbagai macam
perubahan bentuk fisik, misalnya perubahan bentuk kepala: mikrosefali,
hidrosefali, dan sindrom down. Wajah pasien dengan retardasi mental
sangat mudah dikenali seperti hipertelorisme, lidah yang menjulur
keluar, gangguan pertumbuhan gigi dan ekspresi wajah tampak tumpul.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-GB">Kriteria diagnostik retardasi mental menurut DSM-IV-TR yaitu : 2<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1.
Fungsi intelektual yang secara signifikan dibawah rata-rata. IQ
kira-kira 70 atau dibawahnya pada individu yang dilakukan test IQ.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">2.
Gangguan terhadap fungsi adaptif paling sedikit 2 misalnya komunikasi,
kemampuan menolong diri sendiri, berumah tangga, sosial, pekerjaan,
kesehatan dan keamanan.</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">3. Onsetnya sebelum berusia 18 tahun</span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-GB">Diagnosis Banding<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Anak-anak
dari keluarga yang sangat melarat dengan deprivasi rangsangan yang
berat (retardasi mental ini reversibel bila diberi rangsangan yang baik
secara dini). Kadang-kadang anak dengan gangguan pendengaran atau
penglihatan dikira menderita retardasi mental. Mungkin juga gangguan
bicara dan “cerebral palsy” membuat anak kelihatan terbelakang, biarpun
intelegensianya normal. Gangguan emosi dapat menghambat kemampuan
belajar sehingga dikira anak itu bodoh. “early infantile” dan
skizofrenia anak juga sering menunjukkan gejala yang mirip retardasi
mental.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="color: blue; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">Retardasi
mental ialah keadaan dengan intelegensia yang kurang (subnormal) sejak
masa perkembangan (sejak lahir atau sejak masa anak). Biasanya terdapat
perkembangan mental yang kurang secara keseluruhan, tetapi gejala utama
ialah intelegensi yang terbelakang. Retardasi mental disebut juga
oligofrenia (oligo = kurang atau sedikit dan fren = jiwa) atau tuna
mental.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Retardasi
mental bukan suatu penyakit walaupun retardasi mental merupakan hasil
dari proses patologik di dalam otak yang memberikan gambaran
keterbatasan terhadap intelektual dan fungsi adaptif. Retardasi mental
dapat terjadi dengan atau tanpa gangguan jiwa atau gangguan fisik
lainnya. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span><span class="fullpost"><span>Retardasi Mental</span> sebenarnya bukan suatu penyakit walaupun retardasi mental merupakan hasil dari proses <span>Patologik</span> di dalam otak yang memberikan gambaran keterbatasan terhadap <span>Intelektualitas</span> dan fungsi <span>Adaptif</span>. Retardasi Mental ini dapat terjadi dengan atau tanpa gangguan jiwa maupun gangguan fisik lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span>Jadi,
sebagai orangtua harus menjaga dan mengerti atas kebutuhan anaknya,
serta tidak menjatuhkannya namun, membimbing ia agar menjadi anak yang
memiliki potensi khusus di balik kekurangannya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://anakbayi.com/tanya-jawab/apakah-retardasi-mental-itu-karena-keturunan"><span style="text-decoration: none;">http://anakbayi.com/tanya-jawab/apakah-retardasi-mental-itu-karena-keturunan</span></a></span></span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></m:defjc>Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-61926977240219024042013-03-31T21:29:00.002-07:002013-04-05T19:38:03.626-07:00Makalah Dispepsia<div style="color: blue;">
<b>A. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Konsep Dasar Medik</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Pengertian</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;">
Dispepsia
merupakan kumpulan keluhan/gejala klinis yang terdiri dari rasa tidak
enak/sakit di perut bagian atas yang menetap atau mengalami kekambuhan
keluhan refluks gastroesofagus klasik berupa rasa panas di dada
(heartburn) dan regurgitasi asam lambung kini tidak lagi termasuk
dispepsia (Mansjoer A edisi III, 2000 hal : 488). Batasan dispepsia
terbagi atas dua yaitu:<span id="more-252"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Dispepsia organik, bila telah diketahui adanya kelainan organik sebagai penyebabnya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Dispepsia non organik, atau dispepsia fungsional, atau dispepsia non ulkus (DNU), bila tidak jelas penyebabnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 37.4pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Anatomi dan Fisiologi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Anatomi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
Lambung
terletak oblik dari kiri ke kanan menyilang di abdomen atas tepat
dibawah diafragma. Dalam keadaan kosong lambung berbentuk tabung J, dan
bila penuh berbentuk seperti buah alpukat raksasa. Kapasitas normal
lambung 1 sampai 2 liter. Secara anatomis lambung terbagi atas fundus,
korpus dan antrum pilorus. Sebelah atas lambung terdapat cekungan
kurvatura minor, dan bagian kiri bawah lambung terdapat kurvatura mayor.
Sfingter kedua ujung lambung mengatur pengeluaran dan pemasukan.
Sfingter kardia atau sfingter esofagus bawah, mengalirkan makanan yang
masuk kedalam lambung dan mencegah refluks isi lambung memasuki esofagus
kembali. Daerah lambung tempat pembukaan sfingter kardia dikenal dengan
nama daerah kardia. Disaat sfingter pilorikum berelaksasi makanan masuk
kedalam duodenum, dan ketika berkontraksi sfingter ini akan mencegah
terjadinya aliran balik isis usus halus kedalam lambung.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;">
Lambung terdiri dari empat lapisan yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->lapisan peritoneal luar yang merupakan lapisan serosa. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Lapisan berotot yang terdiri atas 3 lapisan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.) <!--[endif]-->Serabut longitudinal, yang tidak dalam dan bersambung dengan otot esophagus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.) <!--[endif]-->Serabut sirkuler yang palig tebal dan terletak di pylorus serta membentuk otot sfingter, yang berada dibawah lapisan pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.) <!--[endif]-->Serabut
oblik yang terutama dijumpai pada fundus lambunh dan berjalan dari
orivisium kardiak, kemudian membelok kebawah melalui kurva tura minor
(lengkung kelenjar).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Lapisan submukosa yang terdiri atas jaringan areolar berisi pembuluh darah dan saluran limfe. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Lapisan
mukosa yang terletak disebelah dalam, tebal, dan terdiri atas banyak
kerutan/ rugae, yang menghilang bila organ itu mengembang karena berisi
makanan. Ada beberapa tipe kelenjar pada lapisan ini dan dikategorikan
menurut bagian anatomi lambung yang ditempatinya. Kelenjar kardia berada
dekat orifisium kardia. Kelenjar ini mensekresikan mukus. Kelenjar
fundus atau gastric terletak di fundus dan pada hampir selurus korpus
lambung. Kelenjar gastrik memiliki tipe-tipe utama sel. Sel-sel zimognik
atau chief cells mensekresikan pepsinogen. Pepsinogen diubah menjadi
pepsin dalam suasana asam. Sel-sel parietal mensekresikan asam
hidroklorida dan faktor intrinsik. Faktor intrinsik diperlukan untuk
absorpsi vitamin B 12 di dalam usus halus. Kekurangan faktor intrinsik
akan mengakibatkan anemia pernisiosa. Sel-sel mukus (leher) ditemukan
dileher fundus atau kelenjar-kelenjar gastrik. Sel-sel ini mensekresikan
mukus. Hormon gastrin diproduksi oleh sel G yang terletak pada pylorus
lambung. Gastrin merangsang kelenjar gastrik untuk menghasilkan asam
hidroklorida dan pepsinogen. Substansi lain yang disekresikan oleh
lambung adalah enzim dan berbagai elektrolit, terutama ion-ion natrium,
kalium, dan klorida.</div>
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Persarafan
lambung sepenuhnya otonom. Suplai saraf parasimpatis untuk lambung dan
duodenum dihantarkan ke dan dari abdomen melalui saraf vagus. Trunkus
vagus mempercabangkan ramus gastrik, pilorik, hepatik dan seliaka.
Pengetahuan tentang anatomi ini sangat penting, karena vagotomi selektif
merupakan tindakan pembedahan primer yang penting dalam mengobati tukak
duodenum.</div>
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Persarafan
simpatis adalah melalui saraf splenikus major dan ganlia seliakum.
Serabut-serabut aferen menghantarkan impuls nyeri yang dirangsang oleh
peregangan, dan dirasakan di daerah epigastrium. Serabut-serabut aferen
simpatis menghambat gerakan dan sekresi lambung. Pleksus saraf
mesentrikus (auerbach) dan submukosa (meissner) membentuk persarafan
intrinsik dinding lambung dan mengkordinasi aktivitas motoring dan
sekresi mukosa lambung.</div>
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Seluruh
suplai darah di lambung dan pankreas (serat hati, empedu, dan limpa)
terutama berasal dari daerah arteri seliaka atau trunkus seliaka, yang
mempecabangkan cabang-cabang yang mensuplai kurvatura minor dan mayor.
Dua cabang arteri yang penting dalam klinis adalah arteri
gastroduodenalis dan arteri pankreas tikoduodenalis (retroduodenalis)
yang berjalan sepanjang bulbus posterior duodenum. Tukak dinding
postrior duodenum dapat mengerosi arteria ini dan menyebabkan
perdarahan. Darah vena dari lambung dan duodenum, serta berasal dari
pankreas, limpa, dan bagian lain saluran cerna, berjalan kehati melalui
vena porta.</div>
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Berikut ini adalah gambar anatomi lambung.</div>
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<b>b. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Fisiologi</b></div>
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Fisiologi Lambung :</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Mencerna makanan secara mekanikal.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Sekresi, yaitu kelenjar
dalam mukosa lambung mensekresi 1500 – 3000 mL gastric juice (cairan
lambung) per hari. Komponene utamanya yaitu mukus, HCL (hydrochloric
acid), pensinogen, dan air. Hormon gastrik yang disekresi langsung masuk
kedalam aliran darah. </div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Mencerna makanan secara kimiawi yaitu dimana pertama kali protein dirobah menjadi polipeptida </div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Absorpsi, secara minimal terjadi dalam lambung yaitu absorpsi air, alkohol, glukosa, dan beberapa obat.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Pencegahan, banyak mikroorganisme dapat dihancurkan dalam lambung oleh HCL.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->Mengontrol aliran chyme (makanan yang sudah dicerna dalam lambung) kedalam duodenum. Pada saat chyme siap masuk kedalam duodenum, akan terjadi peristaltik yang lambat yang berjalan dari fundus ke pylorus.</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Etiologi</b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Perubahan pola makan</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Pengaruh obat-obatan yang dimakan secara berlebihan dan dalam waktu yang lama</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c. <!--[endif]-->Alkohol dan nikotin rokok</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d. <!--[endif]-->Stres</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->e. <!--[endif]-->Tumor atau kanker saluran pencernaan</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>4. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Insiden</b></div>
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Berdasarkan
penelitian pada populasi umum didapatkan bahwa 15 – 30 % orang dewasa
pernah mengalami hal ini dalam beberapa hari. Di inggris dan skandinavia
dilaporkan angka prevalensinya berkisar 7 – 41 % tetapi hanya 10 – 20 %
yang mencari pertolongan medis. Insiden dispepsia pertahun diperkirakan
antara 1 – 8 % (Suryono S, et all, 2001 hal 154). Dan dispepsia cukup
banyak dijumpai. Menurut Sigi, di negara barat prevalensi yang
dilaporkan antara 23 dan 41 %. Sekitar 4 % penderita berkunjung ke
dokter umumnya mempunyai keluhan dispepsia. Didaerah asia pasifik,
dispepsia juga merupakan keluhan yang banyak dijumpai, prevalensinya
sekitar 10 – 20 % (Kusmobroto H, 2003)</div>
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<b> </b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>5. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Manifestasi Klinik</b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i>a. </i><!--[endif]-->nyeri perut <i>(abdominal discomfort)</i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Rasa perih di ulu hati</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c. <!--[endif]-->Mual, kadang-kadang sampai muntah</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d. <!--[endif]-->Nafsu makan berkurang</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->e. <!--[endif]-->Rasa lekas kenyang</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->f. <!--[endif]-->Perut kembung</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->g. <!--[endif]-->Rasa panas di dada dan perut</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->h. <!--[endif]-->Regurgitasi (keluar cairan dari lambung secara tiba-tiba)</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>6. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Patofisiologi</b></div>
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Perubahan
pola makan yang tidak teratur, obat-obatan yang tidak jelas, zat-zat
seperti nikotin dan alkohol serta adanya kondisi kejiwaan stres,
pemasukan makanan menjadi kurang sehingga lambung akan kosong,
kekosongan lambung dapat mengakibatkan erosi pada lambung akibat gesekan
antara dinding-dinding lambung, kondisi demikian dapat mengakibatkan
peningkatan produksi HCL yang akan merangsang terjadinya kondisi asam
pada lambung, sehingga rangsangan di medulla oblongata membawa impuls
muntah sehingga intake tidak adekuat baik makanan maupun cairan.</div>
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<b> </b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>7. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Pencegahan</b></div>
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Pola
makan yang normal dan teratur, pilih makanan yang seimbang dengan
kebutuhan dan jadwal makan yang teratur, sebaiknya tidak mengkomsumsi
makanan yang berkadar asam tinggi, cabai, alkohol, dan pantang rokok,
bila harus makan obat karena sesuatu penyakit, misalnya sakit kepala,
gunakan obat secara wajar dan tidak mengganggu fungsi lambung.</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>8. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Penatalaksanaan Medik</b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Penatalaksanaan non farmakologis</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1) <!--[endif]-->Menghindari makanan yang dapat meningkatkan asam lambung</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2) <!--[endif]-->Menghindari faktor resiko seperti alkohol, makanan yang peda, obat-obatan yang berlebihan, nikotin rokok, dan stres</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3) <!--[endif]-->Atur pola makan</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Penatalaksanaan farmakologis yaitu:</div>
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Sampai
saat ini belum ada regimen pengobatan yang memuaskan terutama dalam
mengantisipasi kekambuhan. Hal ini dapat dimengerti karena pross
patofisiologinya pun masih belum jelas. Dilaporkan bahwa sampai 70 %
kasus DF reponsif terhadap placebo.</div>
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Obat-obatan
yang diberikan meliputi antacid (menetralkan asam lambung) golongan
antikolinergik (menghambat pengeluaran asam lambung) dan prokinetik
(mencegah terjadinya muntah)</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>9. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Test Diagnostik</b></div>
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Berbagai
macam penyakit dapat menimbulkan keluhan yang sama, seperti halnya pada
sindrom dispepsia, oleh karena dispepsia hanya merupakan kumpulan
gejala dan penyakit disaluran pencernaan, maka perlu dipastikan
penyakitnya. Untuk memastikan penyakitnya, maka perlu dilakukan beberapa
pemeriksaan, selain pengamatan jasmani, juga perlu diperiksa :
laboratorium, radiologis, endoskopi, USG, dan lain-lain.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Laboratorium</div>
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Pemeriksaan
laboratorium perlu dilakukan lebih banyak ditekankan untuk
menyingkirkan penyebab organik lainnya seperti: pankreatitis kronik,
diabets mellitus, dan lainnya. Pada dispepsia fungsional biasanya hasil
laboratorium dalam batas normal.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Radiologis</div>
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Pemeriksaan
radiologis banyak menunjang dignosis suatu penyakit di saluran makan.
Setidak-tidaknya perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan radiologis terhadap saluran
makan bagian atas, dan sebaiknya menggunakan kontras ganda.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c. <!--[endif]-->Endoskopi (Esofago-Gastro-Duodenoskopi)</div>
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Sesuai dengan definisi bahwa pada dispepsia fungsional, gambaran endoskopinya normal atau sangat tidak spesifik.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d. <!--[endif]-->USG (ultrasonografi)</div>
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Merupakan
diagnostik yang tidak invasif, akhir-akhir ini makin banyak
dimanfaatkan untuk membantu menentukan diagnostik dari suatu penyakit,
apalagi alat ini tidak menimbulkan efek samping, dapat digunakan setiap
saat dan pada kondisi klien yang beratpun dapat dimanfaatkan</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->e. <!--[endif]-->Waktu Pengosongan Lambung</div>
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Dapat
dilakukan dengan scintigafi atau dengan pellet radioopak. Pada
dispepsia fungsional terdapat pengosongan lambung pada 30 – 40 % kasus.</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>B. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Konsep Asuhan Keperawatan</b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Pengkajian</b></div>
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Pengkajian
merupakan tahap awal dari proses dimana kegiatan yang dilakukan yaitu :
Mengumpulkan data, mengelompokkan data dan menganalisa data. Data fokus
yang berhubungan dengan dispepsia meliputi adanya nyeri perut, rasa
pedih di ulu hati, mual kadang-kadang muntah, nafsu makan berkurang,
rasa lekas kenyang, perut kembung, rasa panas di dada dan perut,
regurgitasi (keluar cairan dari lambung secar tiba-tiba). (Mansjoer A,
2000, Hal. 488). Dispepsia merupakan kumpulan keluhan/gejala klinis
(sindrom) yang terdiri dari rasa tidak enak/sakit diperut bagian atas
yang dapat pula disertai dengan keluhan lain, perasaan panas di dada
daerah jantung (heartburn), regurgitasi, kembung, perut terasa penuh,
cepat kenyang, sendawa, anoreksia, mual, muntah, dan beberapa keluhan
lainnya (Warpadji Sarwono, et all, 1996, hal. 26)</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Dampak Dispepsia Terhadap Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia</b></div>
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<b> </b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Diagnosa Keperawatan</b></div>
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Menurut Inayah (2004) bahwa diagnosa keperawatan yang lazim timbul pada klien dengan dispepsia.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Nyeri epigastrium berhubungan dengan iritasi pada mukosa lambung.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan rasa tidak enak setelah makan, anoreksia.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c. <!--[endif]-->Perubahan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit berhubungan dengan adanya mual, muntah</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d. <!--[endif]-->Kecemasan berhubungan dengan perubahan status kesehatannya</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>4. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Rencana Keperawatan</b></div>
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Rencana
keperawatan adalah tindakan keperawatan yang akan dilaksanakan untuk
menngulangi masalah keperawatan yang telah ditentukan dengan tujuan.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a. <!--[endif]-->Nyeri epigastrium berhubungan dengan iritasi pada mukosa lambung.</div>
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Tujuan : Terjadinya penurunan atau hilangnya rasa nyeri, dengan kriteria klien melaporkan terjadinya penurunan atau hilangnya ras nyeri</div>
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</div>
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<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 187pt;" width="249"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b>INTERVENSI</b></div>
</td> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 175.95pt;" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b>RASIONAL</b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 187pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Kaji tingkat nyeri, beratnya (skala 0 – 10)</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Berikan istirahat dengan posisi semifowler</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Anjurkan klien untuk menghindari makanan yang dapat meningkatkan kerja asam lambung</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Anjurkan klien untuk tetap mengatur waktu makannya</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Observasi TTV tiap 24 jam</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->Diskusikan dan ajarkan teknik relaksasi</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->Kolaborasi dengan pemberian obat analgesik</div>
</td> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 175.95pt;" valign="top" width="235"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Berguna dalam pengawasan kefektifan obat, kemajuan penyembuhan</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Dengan posisi semi-fowler dapat menghilangkan tegangan abdomen yang bertambah dengan posisi telentang</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->dapat menghilangkan nyeri akut/hebat dan menurunkan aktivitas peristaltik</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->mencegah terjadinya perih pada ulu hati/epigastrium</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->sebagai indikator untuk melanjutkan intervensi berikutnya</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->Mengurangi rasa nyeri atau dapat terkontrol</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->Menghilangkan rasa nyeri dan mempermudah kerjasama dengan intervensi terapi lain</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b. <!--[endif]-->Nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan rasa tidak enak setelah makan, anoreksia.</div>
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Tujuan : Menunjukkan
peningkatan berat badan mencapai rentang yang diharapkan individu,
dengan kriteria menyatakan pemahaman kebutuhan nutrisi</div>
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<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 187pt;" width="249"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b>INTERVENSI</b></div>
</td> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 175.95pt;" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b>RASIONAL</b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 187pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Pantau dan dokumentasikan dan haluaran tiap jam secara adekuat</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Timbang BB klien</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Berikan makanan sedikit tapi sering</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Catat
status nutrisi paasien: turgor kulit, timbang berat badan, integritas
mukosa mulut, kemampuan menelan, adanya bising usus, riwayat
mual/rnuntah atau diare.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Kaji pola diet klien yang disukai/tidak disukai.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->Monitor intake dan output secara periodik.</div>
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7.
Catat adanya anoreksia, mual, muntah, dan tetapkan jika ada hubungannya
dengan medikasi. Awasi frekuensi, volume, konsistensi Buang Air Besar
(BAB).</div>
</td> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 175.95pt;" valign="top" width="235"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Untuk mengidentifikasi indikasi/perkembangan dari hasil yang diharapkan</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Membantu menentukan keseimbangan cairan yang tepat</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->meminimalkan anoreksia, dan mengurangi iritasi gaster</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Berguna dalam mendefinisikan derajat masalah dan intervensi yang tepat <span lang="IN">Berguna dalam pengawasan kefektifan obat, kemajuan penyembuhan</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Membantu intervensi kebutuhan yang spesifik, meningkatkan intake diet klien.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->Mengukur keefektifan nutrisi dan cairan</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->Dapat menentukan jenis diet dan mengidentifikasi pemecahan masalah untuk meningkatkan intake nutrisi.</div>
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</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c. <!--[endif]-->Perubahan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit berhubungan dengan adanya mual, muntah</div>
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Tujuan : Menyatakan
pemahaman faktor penyebab dan prilaku yang perlu untuk memperbaiki
defisit cairan, dengan kriteria mempertahankan/menunjukkan perubaan
keseimbangan cairan, dibuktikan stabil, membran mukosa lembab, turgor
kulit baik.</div>
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<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 187pt;" width="249"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b>INTERVENSI</b></div>
</td> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 175.95pt;" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b>RASIONAL</b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 187pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Awasi tekanan darah dan nadi, pengisian kapiler, status membran mukosa, turgor kulit</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Awasi jumlah dan tipe masukan cairan, ukur haluaran urine dengan akurat</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Diskusikan strategi untuk menghentikan muntah dan penggunaan laksatif/diuretik</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Identifikasi rencana untuk meningkatkan/mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan optimal misalnya : jadwal masukan cairan</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Berikan/awasi hiperalimentasi IV</div>
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</div>
</td> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 175.95pt;" valign="top" width="235"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Indikator keadekuatan volume sirkulasi perifer dan hidrasi seluler</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Klien
tidak mengkomsumsi cairan sama sekali mengakibatkan dehidrasi atau
mengganti cairan untuk masukan kalori yang berdampak pada keseimbangan
elektrolit</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Membantu klien menerima perasaan bahwa akibat muntah dan atau penggunaan laksatif/diuretik mencegah kehilangan cairan lanjut</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Melibatkan klien dalam rencana untuk memperbaiki keseimbangan untuk berhasil</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Tindakan daruat untuk memperbaiki ketidak seimbangan cairan elektroli</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d. <!--[endif]-->Kecemasan berhubungan dengan perubahan status kesehatannya</div>
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Tujuan : Mendemonstrasikan
koping yang positif dan mengungkapkan penurunan kecemasan, dengan
kriteria menyatakan pemahaman tentang penyakitnya.</div>
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<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 187pt;" width="249"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 184%; text-align: center;">
<b>INTERVENSI</b></div>
</td> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 175.95pt;" width="235"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 184%; text-align: center;">
<b>RASIONAL</b></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 187pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 184%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Kaji tingkat kecemasan</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 184%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Berikan dorongan dan berikan waktu untuk mengungkapkan pikiran dan dengarkan semua keluhannya</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Jelaskan semua prosedur dan pengobatan</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 184%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Berikan dorongan spiritual</div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Mengetahui sejauh mana tingkat kecemasan yang dirasakan oleh klien sehingga memudahkan dlam tindakan selanjutnya</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Klien merasa ada yang memperhatikan sehingga klien merasa aman dalam segala hal tundakan yang diberikan</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Klien memahami dan mengerti tentang prosedur sehingga mau bekejasama dalam perawatannya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 184%; margin-left: 22.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Bahwa
segala tindakan yang diberikan untuk proses penyembuhan penyakitnya,
masih ada yang berkuasa menyembuhkannya yaitu Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>5. </b><!--[endif]--><b>Evaluasi</b></div>
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Tahap
evaluasi dalam proses keperawatan mencakup pencapaian terhadap tujuan
apakah masalah teratasi atau tidak, dan apabila tidak berhasil perlu
dikaji, direncanakan dan dilaksanakan dalam jangka waktu panjang dan
pendek tergantung respon dalam keefektifan intervensi</div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<b>DATAR PUSTAKA</b></div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.75pt;">
Brunner & Suddart, 2002, <b>Keperawatan Medikal Bedah</b>, Edisi 8 Vol. 2 Jakarta, EGC</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.75pt;">
Inayah Iin, 2004, <b>Asuhan Keperawatan pada klien dengan gangguan sistem pencernaan</b>, edisi pertama, Jakarta, Salemba Medika.</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.75pt;">
Manjoer, A, et al, 2000, <b>Kapita selekta kedokteran</b>, edisi 3, Jakarta, Medika aeusculapeus</div>
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Suryono Slamet, et al, 2001, <b>buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam</b>, jilid 2, edisi , Jakarta, FKUI</div>
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Doengoes. E. M, et al, 2000, <b>Rencana asuhan keperawatan</b>, edisi 3 Jakarta, EGC</div>
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Price & Wilson, 1994, <b>Patofisiologi,</b> edisi 4, Jakarta, EGC</div>
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Warpadji Sarwono, et al, 1996, <b>Ilmu penyakit dalam</b>, Jakarta, FKUI</div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-42323318002779206282013-03-02T02:55:00.000-08:002013-04-05T19:38:19.818-07:00Makalah Kejahatan Komputer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">BAB I</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">1. Latar Belakang</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
Semakin berkembangnya teknologi informasi akan semakin banyak
kejahatan di bidang ini. Semakin banyak orang yang memanfaatkan
kelemahan di bidang komputer baik terhadap perorangan maupun
institusi.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">2. Tujuan</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Adapun tujuan dari makalah “kejahatan komputer”:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 1. Agar dapat mengetahui dan memahami maksud dari kejahatan komputer.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> 2. Agar dapat mengetahui dan memahami maksud dari hacker, cracker, spamer, dan spyware.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<div style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">BAB II</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">1. Kejahatan Komputer</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
Definisinya adalah kejahatan komputer dan kejahatan yang
berkaitan dengan komputer. Hal ini senada dengan yang diungkapkan oleh
Thomas Porter dalam bukunya “EDP Control and Auditing” yakni computer
abuse (penyalahgunaan komputer), computer crime (kejahatan komputer) dan
computer relater crime (kejahatan yang berhubungan dengan komputer).</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Computer
abuse merupakan tindakan sengaja dengan melibatkan komputer dimana satu
pelaku kejahatan atau lebih dapat memperoleh keuntungan atau korban (
satu atau lebih ) dapat menderita kerugian.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Computer crime merupakan
tindakan melanggar hukum di mana pengetahuan tentang komputer sangat
penting agar pelaksanaannya berjalan dengan baik.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Computer related
crime adalah kejahatan yang berkaitan dengan komputer tidak terbatas
pada kejahatan bisnis, kerah putih atau ekonomi. Kejahatan itu mencakup
kejahatan yang menghancurkan komputer atau isinya atau membahayakan
kehidupan dan kesejahteraan manusia karena semua tergantung apakah
komputer dapat bekerja dengan benar atau tidak.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Metode Kejahatan Komputer</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
Banyak metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan kejahatan komputer.
Metode-metode itu antara lain penipuan data, trojan horse, teknik
salami, logic bomb dan kebocoran data. Penipuan data merupakan metode
yang paling sederhana, aman dan lazim digunakan. Metode ini menyangkut
pengubahan data sebelum atau selama proses pemasukan ke komputer.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">2. Hacker</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;"> Hacker</span><span style="color: blue;">
adalah sebutan untuk orang atau sekelompok orang yang memberikan
sumbangan bermanfaat untuk dunia jaringan dan sistem operasi, membuat
program bantuan untuk dunia jaringan dan komputer.Hacker juga bisa di
kategorikan perkerjaan yang dilakukan untuk mencari kelemahan suatu
system dan memberikan ide atau pendapat yang bisa memperbaiki kelemahan
system yang di temukannya.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">Hacker</span><span style="color: blue;">
adalah seseorang yang mengerti sebuah sistem, bagaimana caranya sistem
tersebut bekerja, dan mengetahui jawaban dari pertanyaan seperti ini : "
Jika saya menambahkan, meng edit, atau menghapus bagian ..... , maka
yang terjadi adalah .....</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Kira-kira proses nya seperti itu,
mengetahui suatu system sama saja mengetahui bagaimana membuat sistem
tersebut tidak berjalan, atau memanipulasi system tersebut.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue;">Ternyata
Hacker juga mempunyai tingkatan-tingkatan, tiap tingkatan di bedakan
dengan kemampuan dan ilmu yang dimiliki sang hacker :</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue;">1.Elite</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
Ciri-ciri : mengerti sistem operasi luar dalam, sanggup
mengkonfigurasi & menyambungkan jaringan secara global,
melakukan pemrogramman setiap harinya, effisien & trampil,
menggunakan pengetahuannya dengan tepat, tidak menghancurkan
data-data, dan selalu mengikuti peraturan yang ada. Tingkat
Elite ini sering disebut sebagai ‘suhu’.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue;">2.Semi Elite</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
Ciri-ciri : lebih muda dari golongan elite, mempunyai kemampuan &
pengetahuan luas tentang komputer, mengerti tentang sistem operasi
(termasuk lubangnya), kemampuan programnya cukup untuk mengubah program
eksploit.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue;">3.Developed Kiddie</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Ciri-ciri : umurnya masih muda
(ABG) & masih sekolah, mereka membaca tentang metoda hacking &
caranya di berbagai kesempatan, mencoba berbagai sistem sampai akhirnya
berhasil & memproklamirkan kemenangan ke lainnya, umumnya masih
menggunakan Grafik User Interface (GUI) & baru belajar basic dari
UNIX tanpa mampu menemukan lubang kelemahan baru di sistem operasi.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue;">4.Script Kiddie</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Ciri-ciri
: seperti developed kiddie dan juga seperti Lamers, mereka hanya
mempunyai pengetahuan teknis networking yang sangat minimal, tidak lepas
dari GUI, hacking dilakukan menggunakan trojan untuk menakuti &
menyusahkan hidup sebagian pengguna Internet.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue;">5.Lammer</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Ciri-ciri
: tidak mempunyai pengalaman & pengetahuan tapi ingin menjadi
hacker sehingga lamer sering disebut sebagai ‘wanna-be’ hacker,
penggunaan komputer mereka terutama untuk main game, IRC, tukar menukar
software prirate, mencuri kartu kredit, melakukan hacking dengan
menggunakan software trojan, nuke & DoS, suka menyombongkan diri
melalui IRC channel, dan sebagainya. Karena banyak kekurangannya untuk
mencapai elite, dalam perkembangannya mereka hanya akan sampai level
developed kiddie atau script kiddie saja.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">3. Cracker</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
Cracker merupakan sebutan untuk orang yang mencari kelemahan system
dan memasukinya untuk kepentingan pribadi dan mencari keuntungan dari
system yang di masuki seperti: pencurian data, penghapusan, dan banyak
yang lainnya.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">Cracker adalah </span><span style="color: blue;">seorang
yang kegiatannya hanyalah merusak, menembus dan mengganti halaman suatu
situs adalah menjadi hobi dengan alasan untuk uji coba kemampuannya.
ataupun hanya untuk mengasah ilmu yang sudah di dapatnya.Cracker tidak
mempunyai hirarki khusus karena sifatnya hanya membongkar dan merusak</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Apa bedanya antara hacker dan cracker</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue;">Perbedaannya
sangat tipis, hanya karena satu alasan saja, seorang hacker bisa
menjadi cracker dan melakukan tindakan pengerusakan. atau seorang
cracker bisa juga menjadi hacker.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">4. Spamer</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
Spam adalah sampah, dikatakan sampah, karena sesuatu yang
tidak kita inginkan berada di tempat kita atau rumah kita maka kita
mengatakannya sebagai sampah. begitu juga dengan surat-surat kita yang
masuk pada inbox terkadang terdapat surat yang tidak kita kenali asalnya
dan bukan termasuk salah satu dari sekian banyak nama pada daftar
kontak kita. Maka surat seperti ini dalam istilah email di sebut sebagai
spam.</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">5. Spyware</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
Spyware dan Adware adalah suatu program (software) yang sengaja
dibuat dan disebarluaskan oleh para produsen pembuatnya dan
disebarluaskan di internet agar mereka bisa mengintai semua aktifitas
orang lain di internet, khususnya pada saat mereka sedang melakukan
browsing. Jika program yang mereka buat ( terdapat spyware / adware)
sudah tertanam dan aktif di komputer seseorang, maka mereka akan mudah
melakukan berbagai hal yang pada intinya akan merugikan pengguna
internet, misalnya meng-invade your privacy, and flood you eith those
horrible popups. Dan kemudian lebih lanjut ” if you are like most users
on the internet, chances are you are probably infected with these
applications” Jadi spyware itu bisa di ibaratkan dia adalah parasit pada
sebuah computer.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Tanda-tanda umum terdapat spyware</span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue;">Ada
beberapa gejala umum yang bisa dirasakan oleh pengguna computer apabila
parasit yang bernama SPYWARE dan ADWARE sudah benar-benar menginfeksi,
yaitu :</span><br />
<ul style="color: blue;">
<li>Kinerja Computer akan terasa lambat, terutama setelah terhubung dengan internet</li>
<li>Browser
( Mozilla FireFox, Internet Explorer, Opera Browser, Netscape dll )
terkadang atau seringkali macet ( hang / crash ) pada saat akan
membuka halaman web tertentu</li>
<li>Alamat situs yang sudah di-set secara default sering berubah</li>
<li>Terkadang browser terbuka dengan sendirinya secara massal dan langsung mengakses situs tertentu</li>
</ul>
<div style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Pengaruh (resiko/akibat) yang ditimbulkan Spyware dan Adware</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
Karena
Spyware dan Adware itu digolongkan sebagai sebuah parasit, maka kedua
jenis parasit versi computer ini juga memiliki prinsip hidup yang
moderat, sama seperti prinsip hidup parasit yang sebenarnya, yaitu demi
kelangsungan hidupnya parasit tidak ingin berbuat berbuat yang
menyebabkan matinya organisme yang ditumpanginya, sebab jika organisme
yang ditumpanginya mati maka ia juga akan ikut mati Hal ini berarti
bahwa meskipun computer kita sudah dijangkiti Spyware dan Adware.
kehadiran mereka sidalam system computer tidak akan sampai membuat
computer hancur, rusak, data-data hilang.</div>
<br style="color: blue;" />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<div style="color: blue; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">BAB III</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">PENUTUP</span></div>
<br style="color: blue;" />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">Kesimpulan </span><br />
<br style="color: blue;" />
<span style="color: blue;">
Semakin berkembangnya teknologi informasi akan semakin banyak
kejahatan di bidang ini. Akan semakin banyak pula orang yang
memanfaatkan kelemahan di bidang komputer baik terhadap perorangan
maupun institusi.tetapi tidak kurang pentingnya, tersedianya penegak
hukum sebanyak-banyaknya yang memahami kejahatan komputer dan teknologi
komputer</span></div>
Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7315235389905488976.post-38972134727011701152013-01-12T16:57:00.001-08:002013-04-05T19:38:32.979-07:00Anatomi dan fisiologi sistem imun<div style="color: blue;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian sistem imun</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 12.35pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Sistem Imun (bahasa Inggris: immune system) adalah sistem pertahanan manusia
sebagai perlindungan terhadap infeksi dari makromolekul asing atau serangan
organisme, termasuk virus, bakteri, protozoa dan parasit. Sistem kekebalan juga
berperan dalam perlawanan terhadap protein tubuh dan molekul lain seperti yang
terjadi pada autoimunitas, dan melawan sel yang teraberasi menjadi tumor.
(Wikipedia.com)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 12.35pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sistem
kekebalan atau sistem imun adalah sistem perlindungan pengaruh luar biologis
yang dilakukan oleh sel dan organ khusus pada suatu organisme. Jika sistem
kekebalan bekerja dengan benar, sistem ini akan melindungi tubuh terhadap
infeksi bakteri dan virus, serta menghancurkan sel kanker dan zat asing lain
dalam tubuh. Jika sistem<br />
kekebalan melemah, kemampuannya melindungi tubuh juga berkurang, sehingga
menyebabkan patogen, termasuk virus yang menyebabkan demam dan flu, dapat
berkembang dalam tubuh. Sistem kekebalan juga memberikan pengawasan terhadap
sel tumor, dan terhambatnya sistem ini juga telah dilaporkan meningkatkan
resiko terkena beberapa jenis kanker.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 12.35pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 12.35pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Letak sistem imun</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 12.35pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk7Ru6XYs6-CD8HrDQVkNwvLwzSvJA0EqTjRSxvCN9Vj_R9whRYwz18Tp0d3c-QQ0_4C37_UnZ9dEk01_1FI-nrSH5V8an45RdK2wW6-13BoHW6uKr01rVYL5QO0GbnYqVzj1up6RxP3M/s1600/imun+2.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: 12.35pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi dari Sistem Imun</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumsum<span style="letter-spacing: 17.4pt;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua sel sistem kekebalan tubuh
berasal dari sel-sel induk dalam sumsum tulang. Sumsum tulang adalah tempat
asal sel darah merah, sel darah putih (termasuk limfosit dan makrofag) dan
platelet. Sel-sel dari sistem kekebalan tubuh juga terdapat di tempat lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kelenjar timus sel-sel limfoid
mengalami proses pematangan sebelum lepas ke dalam sirkulasi. Proses ini
memungkinkan sel T untuk mengembangkan atribut penting yang dikenal sebagai
toleransi diri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Getah bening</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar getah bening berbentuk
kacang kecil terbaring di sepanjang perjalanan limfatik. Terkumpul dalam situs
tertentu seperti leher, axillae, selangkangan dan para-aorta daerah.
Pengetahuan tentang situs kelenjar getah bening yang penting dalam pemeriksaan
fisik pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mukosa jaringan limfoid terkait (MALT)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di samping jaringan limfoid
berkonsentrasi dalam kelenjar getah bening dan limpa, jaringan limfoid juga
ditemukan di tempat lain, terutama saluran pencernaan, saluran pernafasan dan
saluran urogenital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme Pertahanan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">non Spesifik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilihat dari caranya diperoleh,
mekanisme pertahanan<span style="letter-spacing: 12.6pt;"> </span>non spesifik
disebut juga respons imun alamiah. Yang merupakan mekanisme pertahanan non
spesifik tubuh<br />
kita adalah kulit dengan kelenjarnya, lapisan mukosa dengan enzimnya, serta
kelenjar lain dengan enzimnya seperti kelenjar air mata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikian
pula sel fagosit (sel makrofag, monosit, polimorfonuklear) dan komplemen
merupakan komponen mekanisme pertahanan non spesifik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme Pertahanan Spesifik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila pertahanan non spesifik belum
dapat mengatasi<span style="letter-spacing: 12.6pt;"> </span>invasi
mikroorganisme maka imunitas spesifik akan terangsang. Mekanisme pertahanan
spesifik adalah mekanisme pertahanan yang diperankan oleh sel limfosit, dengan
atau tanpa bantuan komponen sistem imun lainnya seperti sel makrofag dan
komplemen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilihat dari caranya diperoleh maka
mekanisme pertahanan spesifik disebut juga respons imun didapat.
Mekanisme Pertahanan Spesifik (Imunitas Humoral dan Selular) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Imunitas humoral adalah
imunitas yang diperankan oleh sel limfosit B dengan atau<br />
tanpa bantuan sel imunokompeten lainnya. Tugas sel B akan dilaksanakan oleh<br />
imunoglobulin yang disekresi oleh sel plasma. Terdapat lima kelas imunoglobulin
yang kita kenal, yaitu IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, dan IgE.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Imunitas selular didefinisikan
sebagai suatu respons imun terhadap antigen yang<br />
diperankan oleh limfosit T dengan atau tanpa bantuan komponen sistem imun
lainnya.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antibodi (Immunoglobulin) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‡<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">A</span>ntibodi
(bahasa Inggris:antibody, gamma globulin<span style="letter-spacing: 3.5pt;">)</span>adalah
glikoprotein dengan struktur tertentu yang disekresi dari pencerap limfosit-B
yang telah teraktivasi menjadi sel plasma, sebagai respon dari antigen tertentu
dan reaktif terhadap antigen tersebut. Pembagian Immunglobulin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntibodi<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> A</span> (bahasa Inggris: Immunoglobulin A, IgA) adalah antibodi yang
memainkan peran penting dalam imunitas mukosis (en:mucosal immune). IgA banyak
ditemukan pada bagian sekresi tubuh (liur, mukus, air mata, kolostrum dan susu)
sebagai sIgA (en:secretoryIgA) dalam perlindungan permukaan organ tubuh yang
terpapar dengan mencegah penempelan bakteri dan virus ke membran mukosa.
Kontribusi fragmen konstan sIgA dengan ikatan komponen mukus memungkinkan
pengikatan mikroba.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntibodi D (bahasa Inggris:
Immunoglobulin D, IgD) adalah sebuah monomer dengan fragmen yang dapat mengikat
2 epitop. IgD ditemukan pada permukaan pencerap sel B bersama dengan IgM atau
sIga, tempat IgD dapat mengendalikan aktivasi dan supresi sel B. IgD berperan
dalam mengendalikan produksi autoantibodi sel B. Rasio serum IgD hanya sekitar
0,2%.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntibodi E (bahasa Inggris: antibody E, immunoglobulin E,
IgE) adalah jenis antibodi yang hanya dapat ditemukan pada mamalia. IgE
memiliki peran yang besar pada alergi terutama pada hipersensitivitas tipe 1.
IgE juga tersirat dalam sistem kekebalan yang merespon cacing parasit
(helminth) seperti Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, dan Fasciola
hepatica, serta terhadap parasit protozoa tertentu seperti<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">P</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>smodium
falciparum, dan artropoda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntibodi G (bahasa Inggris:
Immunoglobulin G, IgG) adalah antibodi monomeris yang terbentuk dari dua rantai
berat dan rantai ringan , yang saling mengikat dengan ikatan disulfida, dan
mempunyai dua fragmen antigen-binding. Populasi IgG paling tinggi dalam tubuh
dan terdistribusi cukup merata di dalam darah dan cairan tubuh dengan rasio
serum sekitar 75% pada manusia dan waktu paruh 7 hingga 23 hari bergantung pada
sub-tipe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntibodi M (bahasa Inggris:
Immunoglobulin M, I<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">gM,</span>
macroglobulin<span style="letter-spacing: 4.1pt;">)</span> adalah antibodi
dasar yang berada pada plasma B. Dengan rasio serum 13%, IgM merupakan antibodi
dengan ukuran paling besar, berbentuk pentameris 10 area epitop pengikat, dan
teredar segera setelah tubuh terpapar antigen sebagai respon imunitas awal
(en:primary immune response<span style="letter-spacing: 3.5pt;">)</span> pada
rentang waktu paruh sekitar 5 hari. Bentuk monomeris dari IgM dapat
ditemukan pada permukaan limfosit- B dan reseptor sel-B. IgM adalah antibodi
pertama yang tercetus pada 20 minggu pertama masa janin kehidupan seorang
manusia dan berkembang secara fitogenetik (en:phylogenetic). Fragmen konstan
IgM adalah bagian yang</span></div>
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</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menggerakkan lintasan komplemen klasik</span>Catatan Trihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08421639407938007116noreply@blogger.com0